Key words
Langlois reagent - trifluoromethylation - free radical - fluoroorganic synthesis - sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate or sodium triflinate
Anusha K. (first from left) and Megha Mahesh (second from left) are undergraduate life science students, and Shikha is an undergraduate chemistry honors student in the Department of Chemistry at Sri Venkateswara College.
Prof. Sharda Pasricha (first from right) is currently working as professor in the Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, India. She has nearly 25 years of teaching experience at the undergraduate level. She has published nearly 20 research articles in journals of national and international reputation. She was a recipient of the prestigious ‘Distinguished Teacher Award’ from University of Delhi in 2009. She has authored two books and several e-modules for UG students. Her current research interests include green chemistry, heterogenous catalysis, and synthesis of biologically relevant heterocycles.
Dr. T. M. Rangarajan is currently working as assistant professor of chemistry and has nearly 10 years of research experience and 5 years of teaching experience. He has published 23 research articles of international repute and has three national patents and one international patent to his name. His research interests include electrochemical perfluorination, electro-organic synthesis, organic synthesis, cross-coupling methodologies, and medicinal chemistry.
The fluorine atom has a grand reception in pharmaceutical, material, and agrochemical industries as it dramatically alters the physical, chemical, and metabolic properties of organic compounds in its presence. Hence, its incorporation as an atom or fluorine-containing functional groups in organic molecules remains a huge interest among the organic chemists.[1] Among the fluorine-containing functional groups, the trifluoromethyl (CF₃) group is the most common group that could improve molecular properties and hence predominantly found in pharmaceutical substances. Therefore, the development of novel methods to build the C–CF₃ bond is of great interest, and several other reagents have been developed.[2]
Among the other available trifluoromethylating reagents, such as Togni, Umemoto, Ruppert–Prakash reagents, etc., Langlois reagent (CF₃SO₂Na) has been extensively focused in the past few decades due to its commercial availability, inexpensiveness, stability, and, importantly, its capability of transferring the CF₃ group into a large variety of substrates via both electrophilic and free-radical mechanistic pathways.[3]
[4] Interestingly, this reagent can also be used to install SCF₃, SOCF₃, etc. functions into organic compounds.[5]
In 1991, the sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate (NaSO₂CF₃) reagent was first introduced by the Langlois group for the introduction of the trifluoromethyl group in an aromatic system and the reagent was first prepared from trifluoromethylchloride and sodium dithionite[6] as shown in Scheme [1]. However, this reagent was unexplored for fifteen years. In 2011, Baran et al. successfully developed the trifluoromethylation of heteroaromatic systems using various trifluoromethylating agents along with sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate and first named it as Langlois reagent for the success of the method.[7] After the pioneering work of Baran et al., the applications of this reagent boomed into several areas of organic synthesis (Table [1]).
Scheme 1 Synthesis of Langlois reagent
Table 1 Recent Applications of Langlois Reagent (CF₃SO₂Na)
|
Zha and coworkers introduced a transition-metal-free method for the incorporation of –SCF₃ and –SOCF₃ to an electron-rich indole system using Langlois reagent in the presence of PCl₃, afforded target molecules with 23–86% yields. PCl₃ was used as a reducing and chlorinating agent for the first time.[5]
|
|
|
Liao et al. demonstrated the first-ever method for utilization of SO₂ from CF₃SO₂Na with simultaneous insertion of –CF₃ and –SO₂ groups in N-cyano-alkenes via electrolysis (anodic oxidation) leading to the cyclic N-sulfonylimines with 15–64% yield.[8]
|
|
|
Cui et al. reported an interesting method to access the halotrifluromethylation of alkenes via free-radical addition mechanism mediated by Mn(OAc)3·2H2O. The addition products were achieved by Langlois reagent accompanied by perhalocarboxylic acids with excellent yields.[9]
|
|
|
Wan et al. demonstrated a combination of iodine and Langlois reagent mixture for the introduction of perfluoroalkylsulfonyl group at the α-position of (E)-enaminones via a free-radical mechanism. Interestingly, the products were achieved stereoselectively via an unprecedented C–H elaboration and C=C configuration inversion under mild reaction conditions with 38–83% yields.[10]
|
|
|
Akondi et al. developed an environmentally benign three-component reaction strategy for the synthesis of trifluoromethylated alkenes under visible-light conditions through trifluoromethyl-alkenylation of unactivated alkenes, with Langlois reagent, and nitroalkene.[11]
|
|
|
Tlili et al. demonstrated the formation of trifluoromethylated dimerized products from styrenes and Langlois reagent in the presence of cyanoarenes (PC1: 2,4,6-tris(diphenylamino)-5-fluoroisophthalonitriles or 3DPAFIPN) as an efficient organic photocatalyst under blue LED irradiation. The scope and mechanism of the reaction with the experimental supports were elaborated on in this study. This method afforded the products with 30–80% yields.[12]
|
|
|
Liu et al. developed a transition-metal-free, graphene oxide (GO) catalyzed direct C–H trifluoromethylation of alkynes and quinoxalinones with Langlois reagent that afforded the trifluoromethylated quinoxalin-2(1H)-one product under ambient atmosphere.[13]
|
|
|
Tang et al. have demonstrated the first Fe-catalyzed regioselective perfluoromethylalken- and alkynylation of 1,4-naphthoquinones using NaSO₂CF₃ and K2S2O8 as an oxidant. This method has been displayed as high regioselectivity and functional group tolerance.[14]
|
|
|
Behera and co-workers developed an efficient and scalable protocol for the synthesis of trifluoromethylated chromones from readily accessible o-hydroxyphenyl enaminones. The transformation is affected by the Langolis reagent in DMSO with a catalytic amount of Cu(OAc)2 and TBHP oxidant at room temperature.[15]
|
|
|
Li et al. reported an efficient methodology to access trifluoromethylated γ-lactams in good yields via radical tandem cyclization from N-cyano alkenes using CF3SO2Na, and the reaction was initiated by TBHP, thus involving a CF3-radical-triggered tandem cyclization with subsequent hydrolysis. The methodology provides a broad substrate scope with various substituted substrates, good functional group tolerance, and easy scalability.[16]
|
|
In summary, Langlois reagent is an efficient trifluoromethylating or fluoroalkylating reagent with diverse functionalization, a broad substrate scope, and ease of handling due to its solid nature among other fluorinating agents. Recently, much attention has been paid to this reagent as the CF3-incorporated organic compounds, which display a variety of applications in several areas of chemistry. However, the preparation of the reagent requires fluoroalkyl halides which pose an environmental threat and requires an alternative route to address the issue.
