Ballaststoffe und ihre Rolle bei der Prävention und Therapie von Übergewicht: eine aktuelle Übersicht

Zusammenfassung

Adipositas und Übergewicht sind oft der Auslöser diverser metabolischer Erkrankungen, wie Typ-2-Diabetes und Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen. Da die Anzahl an Menschen mit Übergewicht in westlichen Ländern stetig steigt, werden seit Jahren verschiedene Strategien zur Gewichtsregulierung untersucht. Eine Schlüsselrolle für die Therapie könnte ein höherer Ballaststoffanteil in der Ernährung sein. Ballaststoffe besitzen spezifische intrinsische Eigenschaften, die im menschlichen Körper zu einer Reihe positiver metabolischer Effekte führen, z. B. in Hinblick auf die Kalorienaufnahme, das Sättigungsgefühl und die Glykämie. Der Artikel widmet sich der Verbindung zwischen Übergewicht und der Ballaststoffaufnahme und soll einen Überblick über die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen geben.

Abstract

Obesity and overweight are often the cause of various metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. As the number of people with overweight in Western countries is constantly growing, various weight management strategies have been investigated for years. A potential key role for therapy can be a higher dietary fiber intake. Dietary fiber has specific intrinsic properties that lead to a number of positive metabolic effects in the human body, e. g., with regard to calorie intake, satiety, and glycaemia. This article focuses on the link between obesity and dietary fiber consumption and aims to provide an overview of the underlying mechanisms.

Schlüsselwörter

Gewichtskontrolle - Ballaststoffe - Sättigung - Energiedichte

Keywords

weight control - dietary fiber - satiety - energy density

Publication History

Article published online:
11 March 2024

• Literatur

• 1 Schienkiewitz A, Kuhnert R, Blume M. et al. Übergewicht und Adipositas bei Erwachsenen in Deutschland – Ergebnisse der Studie GEDA 2019/2020-EHIS 2022; DOI: 10.25646/10292.
• 2 Safaei M, Sundararajan EA, Driss M. et al. A systematic literature review on obesity: Understanding the causes & consequences of obesity and reviewing various machine learning approaches used to predict obesity. Comput Biol Med 2021; 136: 104754 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104754.
• 3 Ernährung und Fasten als Therapie. 2. Aufl. Berlin: Springer; 2018
• 4 DGE. Ballaststoffe (15.12.2023). Im Internet: https://www.dge.de/gesunde-ernaehrung/faq/ausgewaehlte-fragen-und-antworten-zu-ballaststoffen/ Stand: 15.12.2023
• 5 DGE. DGE-FAQ-Ballaststoffe-2021
• 6 Biesalski HK, Grimm P, Nowitzki-Grimm S. Taschenatlas Ernährung. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag; 2020. DOI: 10.1055/b-006-162309
• 7 Veronese N, Solmi M, Caruso MG. et al. Dietary fiber and health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107: 436-444 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqx082.
• 8 Anderson JW, Baird P, Davis RH. et al. Health benefits of dietary fiber. Nutr Rev 2009; 67: 188-205 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00189.x.
• 9 Tejani VN, Dhillon SS, Damarlapally N. et al. The Relationship Between Dietary Fiber Intake and Blood Pressure Worldwide: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15: e46116 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46116.
• 10 Li D-B, Hao Q-Q, Hu H-RL. The relationship between dietary fibre and stroke: A meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 32: 107144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107144.
• 11 Howarth NC, Saltzman E, Roberts SB. Dietary fiber and weight regulation. Nutr Rev 2001; 59: 129-139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2001.tb07001.x.
• 12 Wanders AJ, van den Borne JJGC, de Graaf C. et al. Effects of dietary fibre on subjective appetite, energy intake and body weight: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev 2011; 12: 724-739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00895.x.
• 13 Trivedi VR, Satia MC, Deschamps A. et al. Single-blind, placebo controlled randomised clinical study of chitosan for body weight reduction. Nutr J 2016; 15: 3 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0122-8.
• 14 Solah VA, Kerr DA, Hunt WJ. et al. Effect of Fibre Supplementation on Body Weight and Composition, Frequency of Eating and Dietary Choice in Overweight Individuals. Nutrients 2017; 9 DOI: 10.3390/nu9020149.
• 15 Pal S, Ho S, Gahler RJ. et al. Effect on body weight and composition in overweight/obese Australian adults over 12 months consumption of two different types of fibre supplementation in a randomized trial. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13: 82 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0141-7.
• 16 Rouhani MH, Haghighatdoost F, Surkan PJ. et al. Associations between dietary energy density and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutrition 2016; 32: 1037-1047 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.03.017.
• 17 Miquel-Kergoat S, Azais-Braesco V, Burton-Freeman B. et al. Effects of chewing on appetite, food intake and gut hormones: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Physiol Behav 2015; 151: 88-96 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.07.017.
• 18 Mah E, Liska DJ, Goltz S. et al. The effect of extracted and isolated fibers on appetite and energy intake: A comprehensive review of human intervention studies. Appetite 2023; 180: 106340 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106340.
• 19 Waddell IS, Orfila C. Dietary fiber in the prevention of obesity and obesity-related chronic diseases: From epidemiological evidence to potential molecular mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63: 8752-8767 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2061909.
• 20 Hernández MAG, Canfora EE, Jocken JWE. et al. The Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate in Body Weight Control and Insulin Sensitivity. Nutrients 2019; 11 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081943.
• 21 Honsek C, Kabisch S, Kemper M. et al. Fibre supplementation for the prevention of type 2 diabetes and improvement of glucose metabolism: the randomised controlled Optimal Fibre Trial (OptiFiT). Diabetologia 2018; 61: 1295-1305 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4582-6.
• 22 Weickert MO, Roden M, Isken F. et al. Effects of supplemented isoenergetic diets differing in cereal fiber and protein content on insulin sensitivity in overweight humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94: 459-471 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.004374.
• 23 Pereira MA, Ludwig DS. Dietary fiber and body-weight regulation. Observations and mechanisms. Pediatr Clin North Am 2001; 48: 969-980 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70351-5.
• 24 Jovanovski E, Khayyat R, Zurbau A. et al. Should Viscous Fiber Supplements Be Considered in Diabetes Control? Results From a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Diabetes Care 2019; 42: 755-766 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-1126.
• 25 Jovanovski E, Mazhar N, Komishon A. et al. Can dietary viscous fiber affect body weight independently of an energy-restrictive diet? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111: 471-485 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz292.
• 26 [Anonym] Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to konjac mannan (glucomannan) and reduction of body weight (ID 854, 1556, 3725), reduction of post-prandial glycaemic responses (ID 1559), maintenance of normal blood glucose concentration. EFSA Journal 2010; 8: 1798 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1798.
• 27 Shahinfar H, Jayedi A, Torabynasab K. et al. Comparative effects of nutraceuticals on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of 111 randomized clinical trials. Pharmacol Res 2023; 196: 106944 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106944.
• 28 Barber TM, Kabisch S, Pfeiffer AFH. et al. The Health Benefits of Dietary Fibre. Nutrients 2020; 12 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103209.
• 29 Lante A, Canazza E, Tessari P. Beta-Glucans of Cereals: Functional and Technological Properties. Nutrients 2023; 15 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092124.