Refractive Lens Exchange: A Review

Isabella Diana Baur; Arthur Mueller; Grzegorz Labuz; Tadas Naujokaitis; Gerd U. Auffarth; Ramin Khoramnia

doi:10.1055/a-2346-4428

Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde, Table of Contents

Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2024; 241(08): 893-904
DOI: 10.1055/a-2346-4428

Übersicht

Refractive Lens Exchange: A Review

Refraktiver Linsenaustausch: eine Übersicht

Isabella Diana Baur

¹Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Augsburg, Germany

,

Arthur Mueller

¹Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Augsburg, Germany

,

Grzegorz Labuz

²International Vision Correction Research Centre (IVCRC) and David J Apple International Laboratory for Ocular Pathology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany

,

Tadas Naujokaitis

²International Vision Correction Research Centre (IVCRC) and David J Apple International Laboratory for Ocular Pathology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany

,

Gerd U. Auffarth

²International Vision Correction Research Centre (IVCRC) and David J Apple International Laboratory for Ocular Pathology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany

,

Ramin Khoramnia

²International Vision Correction Research Centre (IVCRC) and David J Apple International Laboratory for Ocular Pathology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

In recent decades, technical advancements in lens surgery have considerably improved safety and refractive outcomes. This has led to a much broader range of indications for refractive lens exchange (RLE). Effective restoration of uncorrected distance and near visual acuity is possible with modern presbyopia correcting intraocular lenses (IOLs). Hyperopic patients who are fully presbyopic were identified as ideal candidates for RLE. For myopic patients, an increased risk of retinal detachment has been reported, which leads to a higher threshold to perform RLE in this patient group. The most frequent postoperative complications include posterior capsular opacification, deviation from the target refraction and cystoid macular edema. Thus, adequate planning of surgery, careful patient selection, as well as comprehensive counseling are crucial for successful RLE.

Zusammenfassung

In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurden durch technische Fortschritte in der Linsenchirurgie die Sicherheit und die refraktiven Ergebnisse erheblich verbessert. Dies führte zu einem viel breiteren Spektrum an Indikationen für den refraktiven Linsenaustausch (RLA). Mit modernen Intraokularlinsen (IOL) zur Korrektur der Presbyopie ist eine wirksame Wiederherstellung des unkorrigierten Fern- und Nahvisus möglich. Hyperope, vollständig presbyope Patienten wurden als ideale Kandidaten für einen RLA identifiziert. Bei myopen Patienten wurde ein erhöhtes Risiko für eine Netzhautablösung festgestellt, was dazu führt, dass die Schwelle für die Durchführung einer RLA bei dieser Patientengruppe höher liegt. Zu den häufigsten postoperativen Komplikationen gehören der Nachstar, eine Abweichung von der Zielrefraktion und ein zystoides Makulaödem. Daher sind eine adäquate Planung des Eingriffs, eine sorgfältige Auswahl der Patienten sowie eine umfassende Beratung für einen erfolgreichen RLA von entscheidender Bedeutung.

Keywords

refractive surgery - refractive lens exchange - presbyopia

Schlüsselwörter

refraktive Chirurgie - refraktiver Linsenaustausch - Presbyopie

Full Text

References

References
1 Michael R, Bron AJ. The ageing lens and cataract: a model of normal and pathological ageing. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366: 1278-1292
2 Lyle WA, Jin GJ. Clear lens extraction for the correction of high refractive error. J Cataract Refract Surg 1994; 20: 273-276
3 Colin J, Robinet A. Clear lensectomy and implantation of a low-power posterior chamber intraocular lens for correction of high myopia: a four-year follow-up. Ophthalmology 1997; 104: 73-78
4 Siganos DS, Pallikaris IG. Clear lensectomy and intraocular lens implantation for hyperopia from + 7 to + 14 diopters. J Refract Surg 1998; 14: 105-113
5 Vicary D, Sun XY, Montgomery P. Refractive lensectomy to correct ametropia. J Cataract Refract Surg 1999; 25: 943-948
6 Baur ID, Łabuz G, Chychko L. et al. In vivo comparison of implantation behavior and laboratory analysis of two preloaded intraocular lens injectors. Eur J Ophthalmology 2024; 34: 766-773
7 Khoramnia R, Baur ID, Łabuz G. et al. Enlargement of main corneal incision: clinical intraindividual comparison of two preloaded intraocular lens injectors. J Cataract Refract Surg 2023; 49: 165-170
8 Packer M, Fine IH, Hoffman RS. Refractive lens exchange with the array multifocal intraocular lens. J Cataract Refract Surg 2002; 28: 421-424
9 Gabrić N, Dekaris I, Karaman Z. Refractive lens exchange for correction of high myopia. Eur J Ophthalmol 2002; 12: 384-387
10 Güell JL, Rodriguez-Arenas AF, Gris O. et al. Phacoemulsification of the crystalline lens and implantation of an intraocular lens for the correction of moderate and high myopia: four-year follow-up. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003; 29: 34-38
11 Fernández-Vega L, Alfonso JF, Villacampa T. Clear lens extraction for the correction of high myopia. Ophthalmology 2003; 110: 2349-2354
12 Alió JL, Tavolato M, De la Hoz F. et al. Near vision restoration with refractive lens exchange and pseudoaccommodating and multifocal refractive and diffractive intraocular lenses: comparative clinical study. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004; 30: 2494-2503
13 Horgan N, Condon P, Beatty S. Refractive lens exchange in high myopia: long term follow up. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89: 670-672
14 Tychsen L, Packwood E, Hoekel J. et al. Refractive surgery for high bilateral myopia in children with neurobehavioral disorders: 1. Clear lens extraction and refractive lens exchange. J AAPOS 2006; 10: 357-363
15 Ferrer-Blasco T, Montés-Micó R, Cerviño A. et al. Contrast sensitivity after refractive lens exchange with diffractive multifocal intraocular lens implantation in hyperopic eyes. J Cataract Refract Surg 2008; 34: 2043-2048
16 Goes FJ. Refractive lens exchange with the diffractive multifocal Tecnis ZM900 intraocular lens. J Refract Surg 2008; 24: 243-250
17 Ruíz-Mesa R, Carrasco-Sánchez D, Díaz-Álvarez SB. et al. Refractive lens exchange with foldable toric intraocular lens. Am J Ophthalmol 2009; 147: 990-996.e1
18 Alfonso JF, Fernández-Vega L, Valcárcel B. et al. Outcomes and patient satisfaction after presbyopic bilateral lens exchange with the ResTOR IOL in emmetropic patients. J Refract Surg 2010; 26: 927-933
19 Alfonso JF, Fernández-Vega L, Ortí S. et al. Refractive lens exchange with the Acri.Twin asymmetric diffractive bifocal intraocular lens system. Eur J Ophthalmol 2010; 20: 509-516
20 Alfonso JF, Fernández-Vega L, Ortí S. et al. Refractive lens exchange with distance-dominant diffractive bifocal intraocular lens implantation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 248: 1507-1514
21 El-Helw MA, Emarah AM. Assessment of phacoaspiration techniques in clear lens extraction for correction of high myopia. Clin Ophthalmol 2010; 4: 155-158
22 Alfonso JF, Fernández-Vega L, Baamonde B. et al. Refractive lens exchange with Acri.LISA bifocal intraocular lens implantation. Eur J Ophthalmol 2011; 21: 125-131
23 Ferrer-Blasco T, García-Lázaro S, Albarrán-Diego C. et al. Refractive lens exchange with a multifocal diffractive aspheric intraocular lens. Arq Bras Oftalmol 2012; 75: 192-196
24 Venter JA, Barclay D, Pelouskova M. et al. Initial experience with a new refractive rotationally asymmetric multifocal intraocular lens. J Refract Surg 2014; 30: 770-776
25 Westin O, Koskela T, Behndig A. Epidemiology and outcomes in refractive lens exchange surgery. Acta Ophthalmol 2015; 93: 41-45
26 Venter JA, Pelouskova M, Bull CE. et al. Visual outcomes and patient satisfaction with a rotational asymmetric refractive intraocular lens for emmetropic presbyopia. J Cataract Refract Surg 2015; 41: 585-593
27 McNeely RN, Pazo E, Spence A. et al. Comparison of the visual performance and quality of vision with combined symmetrical inferonasal near addition versus inferonasal and superotemporal placement of rotationally asymmetric refractive multifocal intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg 2016; 42: 1721-1729
28 McNeely RN, Pazo E, Spence A. et al. Visual quality and performance comparison between 2 refractive rotationally asymmetric multifocal intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg 2017; 43: 1020-1026
29 Schallhorn SC, Schallhorn JM, Pelouskova M. et al. Refractive lens exchange in younger and older presbyopes: comparison of complication rates, 3 months clinical and patient-reported outcomes. Clin Ophthalmol 2017; 11: 1569-1581
30 Schallhorn JM, Schallhorn SC, Teenan D. et al. Incidence of intraoperative and early postoperative adverse events in a large cohort of consecutive refractive lens exchange procedures. Am J Ophthalmol 2019; 208: 406-414
31 Levinger E, Levinger S, Mimouni M. et al. Unilateral Refractive Lens Exchange with a Multifocal Intraocular Lens in Emmetropic Presbyopic Patients. Curr Eye Res 2019; 44: 726-732
32 Žiak P, Halička J, Mojžiš P. et al. Presbyopic lens exchange (PRELEX) cataract surgery outcomes with implantation of a rotationally asymmetric refractive multifocal intraocular lens: femtosecond laser-assisted versus manual phacoemulsification. Int Ophthalmol 2019; 39: 2875-2882
33 Joshi RS. Clear lens extraction for patients who are unfit for laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis and implantable contact lenses in central Indian population. Indian J Ophthalmol 2020; 68: 3002-3005
34 Nicula CA, Popescu R, Rednik AM. et al. Refractive Lens Exchange in Hyperopic Presbyopes with the Acrysof IQ Panoptix Intraocular Lens: One-Year Results and Analysis of the Literature. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2020; 16: 1125-1137
35 Fernández-García JL, Llovet-Rausell A, Ortega-Usobiaga J. et al. Unilateral Versus Bilateral Refractive Lens Exchange With a Trifocal Intraocular Lens in Emmetropic Presbyopic Patients. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 223: 53-59
36 Ozulken K, Kiziltoprak H, Yuksel E. et al. A Comparative Evaluation of Diffractive Trifocal and New Refractive/Extended Depth of Focus Intraocular Lenses for Refractive Lens Exchange. Curr Eye Res 2021; 46: 811-817
37 Fernández J, Alfonso Sánchez JF, Nieradzik M. et al. Visual performance, safety and patient satisfaction after bilateral implantation of a trifocal intraocular lens in presbyopic patients without cataract. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22: 341
38 Baur ID, Auffarth GU, Łabuz G. et al. Clinical Evaluation of Reading Performance in Refractive Lens Exchange With a Diffractive Continuous-Range-of-Vision Intraocular Lens. Am J Ophthalmol 2023; 250: 25-37
39 Khoramnia R, Baur ID, Łabuz G. et al. Functional outcomes after bilateral refractive lens exchange with a continuous-range-of-vision intraocular lens. J Cataract Refract Surg 2023; 49: 1011-1017
40 Hannan SJ, Schallhorn SC, Venter JA. et al. Immediate Sequential Bilateral Surgery in Refractive Lens Exchange Patients: Clinical Outcomes and Adverse Events. Ophthalmology 2023; 130: 924-936
41 Yim CK, Dave A, Strawn A. et al. Visual Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction After Bilateral Refractive Lens Exchange with a Trifocal Intraocular Lens in Patients with Presbyopia. Ophthalmol Ther 2023; 12: 1757-1773
42 Brenner LF, Nistad K, Schonbeck U. Rethinking presbyopia: results of bilateral refractive lens exchange with trifocal intraocular lenses in 17 603 patients. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107: 912-919
43 Win-Hall DM, Glasser A. Objective accommodation measurements in prepresbyopic eyes using an autorefractor and an aberrometer. J Cataract Refract Surg 2008; 34: 774-784
44 Sheard R. Optimising biometry for best outcomes in cataract surgery. Eye (Lond) 2014; 28: 118-125
45 Ghanem AA, El-Sayed HM. Accuracy of intraocular lens power calculation in high myopia. Oman J Ophthalmol 2010; 3: 126-130
46 Zaldivar R, Shultz MC, Davidorf JM. et al. Intraocular lens power calculations in patients with extreme myopia. J Cataract Refract Surg 2000; 26: 668-674
47 Gavin E, Hammond C. Intraocular lens power calculation in short eyes. Eye (Lond) 2008; 22: 935-938
48 Moschos MM, Chatziralli IP, Koutsandrea C. Intraocular lens power calculation in eyes with short axial length. Indian J Ophthalmol 2014; 62: 692-694
49 Wang JK, Hu CY, Chang SW. Intraocular lens power calculation using the IOLMaster and various formulas in eyes with long axial length. J Cataract Refract Surg 2008; 34: 262-267
50 Doshi D, Limdi P, Parekh N. et al. A comparative study to assess the predictability of different IOL power calculation formulas in eyes of short and long axial length. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11: NC01-NC04
51 Rho CR, Joo CK. Effects of steep meridian incision on corneal astigmatism in phacoemulsification cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg 2012; 38: 666-671
52 Baur I, Auffarth GU, Łabuz G. et al. Unilateral implantation of a new non-diffractive extended range-of-vision IOL in a young patient with Curschmann-Steinert myotonic dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2021; 22: 101109
53 Baur ID, Auffarth GU, Łabuz G. et al. Unilaterale Implantation einer neuen Intraokularlinse mit erweiterter Tiefenschärfe bei einem jungen Patienten. Ophthalmologe 2022; 119: 65-70
54 Apple DJ, Solomon KD, Tetz MR. et al. Posterior capsule opacification. Surv Ophthalmol 1992; 37: 73-116
55 Wormstone IM, Wang L, Liu CS. Posterior capsule opacification. Exp Eye Res 2009; 88: 257-269
56 Ortega-Usobiaga J, Rocha-de-Lossada C, Llovet-Rausell A. et al. Update on contraindications in laser corneal refractive surgery. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed) 2023; 98: 105-111
57 Djodeyre MR, Ortega-Usobiaga J, Beltran J. et al. Bilateral Refractive Lens Exchange With Trifocal Intraocular Lens for Hyperopia in Patients Younger Than 40 Years: A Case-Control Study. J Refract Surg 2021; 37: 524-531
58 Pop M, Payette Y. Refractive lens exchange versus iris-claw Artisan phakic intraocular lens for hyperopia. J Refract Surg 2004; 20: 20-24
59 Alio JL, Grzybowski A, El Aswad A. et al. Refractive lens exchange. Surv Ophthalmol 2014; 59: 579-598
60 Emarah AM, El-Helw MA, Yassin HM. Comparison of clear lens extraction and collamer lens implantation in high myopia. Clin Ophthalmol 2010; 4: 447-454
61 Ravalico G, Michieli C, Vattovani O. et al. Retinal detachment after cataract extraction and refractive lens exchange in highly myopic patients. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003; 29: 39-44
62 Arne JL. Phakic intraocular lens implantation versus clear lens extraction in highly myopic eyes of 30-to 50-year-old patients. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004; 30: 2092-2096
63 Lakawicz JM, Bottega WJ, Fine HF. et al. On the mechanics of myopia and its influence on retinal detachment. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 19: 603-620
64 Pierro L, Camesasca FI, Mischi M. et al. Peripheral retinal changes and axial myopia. Retina 1992; 12: 12-17
65 [Anonymous] Risk factors for idiopathic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. The Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137: 749-757
66 Mitry D, Charteris DG, Fleck BW. et al. The epidemiology of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: geographical variation and clinical associations. Br J Ophthalmol 2010; 94: 678-684
67 Schepens CL, Marden D. Data on the natural history of retinal detachment. Further characterization of certain unilateral nontraumatic cases. Am J Ophthalmol 1966; 61: 213-226
68 Colin J, Robinet A, Cochener B. Retinal detachment after clear lens extraction for high myopia: seven-year follow-up. Ophthalmology 1999; 106: 2281-2284
69 Alio JL, Ruiz-Moreno JM, Shabayek MH. et al. The risk of retinal detachment in high myopia after small incision coaxial phacoemulsification. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 144: 93-98
70 Alió JL. Lens surgery (cataract and refractive lens exchange) and retinal detachment risk in myopes: still an issue?. Br J Ophthalmol 2011; 95: 301-303
71 Daien V, Le Pape A, Heve D. et al. Incidence, risk factors, and impact of age on retinal detachment after cataract surgery in France: a national population study. Ophthalmology 2015; 122: 2179-2185
72 Alió JL, Grzybowski A, Romaniuk D. Refractive lens exchange in modern practice: when and when not to do it?. Eye Vis (Lond) 2014; 1: 10
73 Schrader WF, Schargus M, Schneider E. et al. Risks and sequelae of scleral perforation during peribulbar or retrobulbar anesthesia. J Cataract Refract Surg 2010; 36: 885-889
74 Vohra S, Good P. Altered globe dimensions of axial myopia as risk factors for penetrating ocular injury during peribulbar anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2000; 85: 242-245
75 Chong EW, Mehta JS. High myopia and cataract surgery. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2016; 27: 45-50
76 Wladis EJ, Gewirtz MB, Guo S. Cataract surgery in the small adult eye. Surv Ophthalmol 2006; 51: 153-161
77 Hoffman RS, Vasavada AR, Allen QB. et al. Cataract surgery in the small eye. J Cataract Refract Surg 2015; 41: 2565-2575
78 Chronopoulos A, Thumann G, Schutz J. Positive vitreous pressure: pathophysiology, complications, prevention, and management. Surv Ophthalmol 2017; 62: 127-133
79 Osawa R, Oshika T, Sano M. et al. Rotational stability of modified toric intraocular lens. PLoS One 2021; 16: e0247844
80 Bhogal-Bhamra GK, Sheppard AL, Kolli S. et al. Rotational stability and centration of a new toric lens design platform using objective image analysis over 6 months. J Refract Surg 2019; 35: 48-53
81 Mojzis P, Majerova K, Plaza-Puche AB. et al. Visual outcomes of a new toric trifocal diffractive intraocular lens. J Cataract Refract Surg 2015; 41: 2695-2706
82 Inoue Y, Takehara H, Oshika T. Axis Misalignment of Toric Intraocular Lens: Placement Error and Postoperative Rotation. Ophthalmology 2017; 124: 1424-1425
83 Müller-Kassner A, Sartory T, Müller M. et al. Refractive and visual outcome of misaligned toric intraocular lens after operative realignment. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 224: 150-157
84 Lim DH, Han JC, Kim MH. et al. Factors affecting near vision after monofocal intraocular lens implantation. J Refract Surg 2013; 29: 200-204
85 Nanavaty MA, Vasavada AR, Patel AS. et al. Analysis of patients with good uncorrected distance and near vision after monofocal intraocular lens implantation. J Cataract Refract Surg 2006; 32: 1091-1097
86 Son HS, Tandogan T, Liebing S. et al. In vitro optical quality measurements of three intraocular lens models having identical platform. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17: 108
87 Gatinel D, Houbrechts Y. Comparison of bifocal and trifocal diffractive and refractive intraocular lenses using an optical bench. J Cataract Refract Surg 2013; 39: 1093-1099
88 Calladine D, Evans JR, Shah S. et al. Multifocal versus monofocal intraocular lenses after cataract extraction. Sao Paulo Med J 2015; 133: 68
89 Simpson M. The diffractive multifocal intraocular lens. Eur J Implant Refract Surg 1989; 1: 115-121
90 Attia MS, Auffarth GU, Kretz FT. et al. Clinical evaluation of an extended depth of focus intraocular lens with the Salzburg reading desk. J Refract Surg 2017; 33: 664-669
91 Łabuz G, Khoramnia R, Yan W. et al. Characterizing glare effects associated with diffractive optics in presbyopia-correcting intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg 2024; 50: 413-419
92 Łabuz G, van den Berg T, Auffarth GU. et al. Light scattering from a diffractive-refractive intraocular lens: a goniometer-based approach for individual zone assessment. Biomed Opt Express 2022; 13: 6724-6732
93 Akella SS, Juthani VV. Extended depth of focus intraocular lenses for presbyopia. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2018; 29: 318-322
94 Son HS, Khoramnia R, Yildirim TM. et al. Functional Outcomes and Reading Performance After Combined Implantation of a Small-Aperture Lens and a Segmental Refractive Bifocal Lens. J Refract Surg 2019; 35: 551-558
95 Lee Y, Łabuz G, Son HS. et al. Assessment of the image quality of extended depth-of-focus intraocular lens models in polychromatic light. J Cataract Refract Surg 2020; 46: 108-115
96 Chae SH, Son HS, Khoramnia R. et al. Laboratory evaluation of the optical properties of two extended-depth-of-focus intraocular lenses. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20: 53
97 MacRae S, Holladay JT, Glasser A. et al. Special Report: American Academy of Ophthalmology Task Force Consensus Statement for Extended Depth of Focus Intraocular Lenses. Ophthalmology 2017; 124: 139-141
98 Savini G, Schiano-Lomoriello D, Balducci N. et al. Visual performance of a new extended depth-of-focus intraocular lens compared to a distance-dominant diffractive multifocal intraocular lens. J Refract Surg 2018; 34: 228-235
99 Auffarth GU, Moraru O, Munteanu M. et al. European, Multicenter, Prospective, Non-comparative Clinical Evaluation of an Extended Depth of Focus Intraocular Lens. J Refract Surg 2020; 36: 426-434
100 Giers BC, Khoramnia R, Varadi D. et al. Functional results and photic phenomena with new extended-depth-of-focus intraocular Lens. BMC Ophthalmol 2019; 19: 197
101 Liu J, Dong Y, Wang Y. Efficacy and safety of extended depth of focus intraocular lenses in cataract surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Ophthalmol 2019; 19: 198
102 Cochener B, Boutillier G, Lamard M. et al. A comparative evaluation of a new generation of diffractive trifocal and extended depth of focus intraocular lenses. J Refract Surg 2018; 34: 507-514
103 Escandón-García S, Ribeiro FJ, McAlinden C. et al. Through-focus vision performance and light disturbances of 3 new intraocular lenses for presbyopia correction. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018: 6165493
104 Rementería-Capelo LA, García-Pérez JL, Gros-Otero J. et al. Real-world evaluation of visual results and patient satisfaction for extended range of focus intraocular lenses compared to trifocal lenses. Int Ophthalmol 2021; 41: 163-172
105 Alió JL, Tavolato M, De la Hoz F. et al. Near vision restoration with refractive lens exchange and pseudoaccommodating and multifocal refractive and diffractive intraocular lenses: comparative clinical study. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004; 30: 2494-2503
106 Spigelman AV, Lindstrom RL, Nichols BD. et al. Visual results following vitreous loss and primary lens implantation. J Cataract Refract Surg 1989; 15: 201-204
107 Khoramnia R, Wallek H, Güngör H. et al. Fixation einer Intraokularlinse bei intraoperativem Hinterkapseldefekt durch Einklemmen der Linsenoptik in der vorderen Kapsulorhexis. Ophthalmologe 2021; 118: 960-964
108 Schaumberg DA, Dana MR, Christen WG. et al. A systematic overview of the incidence of posterior capsule opacification. Ophthalmology 1998; 105: 1213-1221
109 Gundersen KG, Potvin R. A review of results after implantation of a secondary intraocular lens to correct residual refractive error after cataract surgery. Clin Ophthalmol 2017; 11: 1791-1796
110 Guo S, Patel S, Baumrind B. et al. Management of pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Surv Ophthalmol 2015; 60: 123-137
111 Lobo C. Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Ophthalmologica 2012; 227: 61-67
112 Yonekawa Y, Kim IK. Pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2012; 23: 26-32
113 Wielders LH, Schouten JS, Winkens B. et al. European multicenter trial of the prevention of cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery in nondiabetics: ESCRS PREMED study report 1. J Cataract Refract Surg 2018; 44: 429-439
114 Alio JL, Pederzolli M, Grzybowski A. Refractive lens exchange: What are the red lines?. Eur J Ophthalmol 2024; 34: 317-322