Keywords
lower leg - free flap - reconstruction
Over the last decades, free flap reconstructions have become daily practice for many
microsurgeons. Complex lower extremity defects exposing vital structures due to trauma,
vascular disease, or malignancy are important parts of practices of plastic surgeons.
When primary closure, skin grafts, or local flaps reconstructions are no option to
close the defect, a free tissue transplantation is necessary to salvage the limb,
avoid amputation, and restore the leg to its most functional state. Main parts of
the armamentarium of the reconstructive surgeons are either fasciocutaneous or muscle
flaps. In terms of limb salvage and flap loss both types of flaps—fasciocutaneous
or muscle—have been proven to be safe and have comparable outcomes.[1]
[2]
[3]
Discussion on flap selection remain part of many conferences and manuscripts. Practice
variation is accepted and is often based on surgeon, practice country, or groups of
collaborative surgeons. Previous studies have conducted comparative analyses of free
fasciocutaneous and muscle flaps in terms of, for example, limb salvage, although
a consensus which type of flap to choose is lacking. However, appreciating patient-related
perspectives and risk factors contributing to poorer outcomes may help and improve
decision-making.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to gain insight into patient-reported outcomes
of lower extremity free flap reconstructions and to compare the outcomes of fasciocutaneous
to muscle flaps, which will help in counseling patients. Additionally, the study aimed
to identify patient-level risk factors associated with decreased functionality and
health-related quality of life (HRQOL).
Methods
Study Design
A retrospective and cross-sectional multicenter study was done using data collected
from patients who underwent a microsurgical lower extremity reconstruction using a
fasciocutaneous or muscle free flap. Patient records from the UMC Utrecht, Maastricht
UMC, Medisch Spectrum Twente, and Radboud UMC of patients operated between January
2003 and December 2021 were used. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from
the Medical Research Ethics Committee (reference number 22-761, METC NedMec).
Patient Selection
Patients were eligible for inclusion if they met the following criteria: (1) they
underwent a microsurgical lower extremity reconstruction using a free fasciocutaneous
or free muscle flap, (2) had an age of 16 years or older at the time of surgery, and
(3) had a follow-up of at least 12 months after the reconstruction. Exclusion criteria
were a mental or physical inability to read, understand, and/or complete the questionnaires.
All patients were recruited between October and December 2022. Eligible patients were
informed about the study by phone. Written informed consent was obtained from all
participants before the study. Patients completed the questionnaires using Castor
EDC, a secured web-based clinical data management platform.[4]
Demographics
Patient-related characteristics and surgery results were recorded from the electronic
medical records. These included gender, age, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities,
and medical history. Surgery-related characteristics included time since reconstruction,
cause and location of defect, free flap used, and Gustilo classification. Surgery
results included flap revision and flap/donor site complications. Complications that
were recorded from the medical records were flap/donor site necrosis, vascular insufficiency,
wound infection, wound dehiscence, fistula formation, seroma, hypertrophic scar, and
postoperative hemorrhage.
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures
Patient-reported outcomes were measured using two questionnaires in Dutch and a pain-score.
All patient-reported outcomes measures were validated and translated in Dutch. General
health was determined using the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), a widely
used HRQOL questionnaire consisting of 36 items divided into eight scales.[5] The scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores representing better physical
and mental well-being. The summary scores physical component summary (PCS) and mental
component summary (MCS) were calculated from the eight domains using normative data
from a Dutch population combined with U.S. factor score coefficients.[6]
[7] Lower extremity function was assessed using the Lower Extremity Functional Scale
(LEFS), a questionnaire including 20 items on a 5-point scale (0–4).[8]
[9] Total LEFS score ranges from 0 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater level
of functional status. Pain was evaluated using a 5-point Likert scale, with scores
ranging from 0 (No pain or discomfort) to 4 (Extreme pain or discomfort).
Patient-Level Risk Factors
The binary variables that were examined to determine their correlation with poorer
LEFS, SF-36 MCS, and SF-36 PCS scores included gender, smoking status, hypertension,
cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, primary or secondary reconstruction,
surgical complication, level of defect, oncologic defect, traumatic defect, recent
or past trauma, and pain. The variable mental health was included in the LEFS and
SF-36 models only; the groups were formed based on SF-36 MCS scores with reference
to the lower quartile. The variable smoking status was divided into two groups: “active
smokers” and “nonsmokers.” The variable surgical complication was divided into two
groups: patients who endured any type complication and those who did not. Level of
defect was divided in the groups “knee to lower leg” and “ankle to foot.” Pain was
defined as “yes” if it was rated as moderate or worse and “no” if it was rated as
no pain or slight pain. The group “recent trauma” encompassed patients who sustained
a traumatic event as cause of the defect that occurred within a 6-week period prior
to the reconstruction, whereas “past trauma” consisted of patients whose traumatic
event had happened earlier.
Statistical Analysis
For analyses, the patients were divided into two groups based on the free flap used
for reconstruction: fasciocutaneous and muscle flap. Patient and surgery-related variables
were summarized using descriptive statistics and presented as means or medians with
interquartile ranges or numbers with percentages. Mean LEFS scores and SF-36 health-related
quality-of-life domains were compared between patient groups according to free flap
type using one-way analysis of variance. Stepwise regression of multiple demographic
and postoperative complication variables were conducted using backward selection.
All variables with a value of p < 0.10 were included in the predictive model. Predictors of LEFS, SF-36 MCS, and
SF-36 PCS scores according to free flap type with a value of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were conducted
using R Statistical Software (v4.3.1; R Core Team 2023).
Results
Patient and Surgery Characteristics
A total of 206 patients were identified who had received a microsurgical leg reconstruction
using a fasciocutaneous or muscle free flap. A total of 100 (49%) patients were included
in the retrospective part of the study and 89 (43%) responded to the questionnaires.
All patient and surgery characteristics are shown in [Tables 1] and [2]. Unfortunately, of the 206 patients, 79 patients were unreachable, 27 denied participation
or did not return the consent form.
Table 1
Patient characteristics per group based on free flap used
|
Fasciocutaneous flap
N = 69
|
Muscle flap
N = 31
|
p-Value
|
|
Sex, N (%)
|
|
Male
|
50 (73)
|
24 (77)
|
0.606
|
|
Female
|
19 (28)
|
7 (23)
|
|
Age in years, median (IQR)
|
59 (48–66)
|
61 (43–70)
|
0.777
|
|
BMI, median (IQR)
|
26.6 (23.6–29.2)
|
27.8 (24.4–29.4)
|
0.633
|
|
Comorbidities, N (%)
|
|
Current smoker
|
8 (12)
|
7 (23)
|
0.158
|
|
Smoking history
|
25 (36)
|
6 (19)
|
0.093
|
|
Hypertension
|
17 (25)
|
7 (23)
|
0.826
|
|
Cardiovascular disease
|
9 (13)
|
4 (13)
|
0.985
|
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
6 (9)
|
1 (3)
|
0.326
|
|
Hospital, N (%)
|
|
Maastricht UMC
|
39 (57)
|
1 (3)
|
<0.001
|
|
Medisch Spectrum Twente
|
4 (6)
|
3 (10)
|
|
Radboud UMC Rotterdam
|
11 (16)
|
6 (20)
|
|
UMC Utrecht
|
15 (22)
|
21 (68)
|
Table 2
Surgery characteristics per group based on free flap used
|
Fasciocutaneous flap
N = 69
|
Muscle flap
N = 31
|
p-Value
|
|
Years since surgery, median (IQR)
|
4.1 (2.5–5.9)
|
6.0 (2.8–7.9)
|
0.464
|
|
Location defect, N (%)
|
|
Knee
|
2 (3)
|
2 (6)
|
0.063
|
|
Lower leg
|
41 (59)
|
21 (68)
|
|
Ankle
|
6 (9)
|
6 (19)
|
|
Heel
|
8 (12)
|
2 (6)
|
|
Foot
|
12 (17)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Cause of defect, N (%)
|
|
Recent trauma (within 6 wk)
|
19 (28)
|
6 (19)
|
0.620
|
|
Trauma in the past
|
31 (45)
|
21 (68)
|
|
Vascular disease
|
3 (4)
|
1 (3)
|
|
Malignancy
|
10 (15)
|
1 (3)
|
|
Other cause
|
6 (9)
|
2 (7)
|
|
Type of free flap, N (%)
|
|
Gracilis flap
|
0 (0)
|
15 (48)
|
|
|
Latissimus dorsi flap (LD)
|
0 (0)
|
12 (39)
|
|
Rectus abdominis flap
|
0 (0)
|
3 (10)
|
|
Vastus lateralis flap
|
0 (0)
|
1 (3)
|
|
Anterolateral thigh flap (ALT)
|
48 (70)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Free radial forearm flap (FRFF)
|
14 (20)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Deep inferior epigastric perforator flap (DIEP)
|
2 (3)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Parascapular flap (PS)
|
2 (3)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator flap (SCIP)
|
2 (3)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Thoracodorsal artery perforator flap (TDAP)
|
1 (1)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Gustilo classification, N (%)
|
|
2
|
5 (7)
|
1 (3)
|
0.349
|
|
3A
|
5 (7)
|
0 (0)
|
|
3B
|
4 (6)
|
5 (16)
|
|
3C
|
3 (4)
|
0 (0)
|
|
3 (unspecified)
|
6 (9)
|
1 (3)
|
|
Unknown/does not apply
|
46 (67)
|
24 (77)
|
Complications
Partial flap necrosis was observed in five patients (7%) who received a fasciocutaneous
flap and in four patients (13%) in the muscle group. Five patients (7%) in the fasciocutaneous
group and three (10%) in the muscle group required revision surgery. Five individuals
(7%) had complications at the donor site after undergoing a fasciocutaneous flap reconstruction,
four patients (13%) after receiving a muscle flap. All complications are shown in
[Table 3].
Table 3
Surgery complications per group based on free flap used
|
Fasciocutaneous flap
N = 69
|
Muscle flap
N = 31
|
p-Value
|
|
Flap revision, N (%)
|
|
Yes
|
5 (7)
|
3 (10)
|
0.682
|
|
Flap complications, N (%)
|
|
Any complication
|
15 (22)
|
6 (19)
|
0.789
|
|
Partial flap necrosis
|
5 (7)
|
4 (13)
|
|
Vascular insufficiency
|
4 (6)
|
3 (10)
|
|
Wound infection
|
2 (3)
|
1 (3)
|
|
Wound dehiscence
|
7 (10)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Fistula formation
|
0 (0)
|
1 (3)
|
|
Complication donor site, N (%)
|
|
Any complication
|
5 (7)
|
4 (13)
|
0.366
|
|
Partial donor site necrosis
|
1 (1)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Wound infection
|
0 (0)
|
1 (3)
|
|
Wound dehiscence
|
3 (4)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Seroma
|
0 (0)
|
2 (6)
|
|
Hypertrophic scar
|
1 (1)
|
0 (0)
|
|
Postoperative hemorrhage
|
0 (0)
|
1 (3)
|
Patient-Reported Outcomes
The questionnaires were completed by 89 patients, of which 62 were treated with a
free fasciocutaneous flap and 27 with a muscle flap. The median time since the reconstruction
was 4.3 years (range: 1.0–19.1). [Table 4] presents the SF-36 scores per group; no significant differences were seen between
fasciocutaneous and muscle flaps regarding the eight scales and two component scores.
[Table 5] shows the scores for all LEFS questions per group; no significant differences were
seen between the groups.
Table 4
Mean 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey scores per group based on free flap used
|
Variables
|
Fasciocutaneous flap
N = 62
|
Muscle flap
N = 27
|
p-Value
|
|
Physical functioning
|
67.3 ± 24.3
|
65.0
|
0.671
|
|
Role limitation due to physical health
|
57.3 ± 43.5
|
65.7 ± 39.3
|
0.387
|
|
Role limitation due to emotional problems
|
72.0 ± 41.9
|
79.0 ± 37.2
|
0.458
|
|
Vitality
|
66.0 ± 18.7
|
64.1 ± 14.3
|
0.641
|
|
Mental health
|
77.7 ± 14.0
|
75.3 ± 15.7
|
0.460
|
|
Social functioning
|
77.0 ± 22.4
|
75.0 ± 19.0
|
0.685
|
|
Bodily pain
|
65.8 ± 24.8
|
69.9 ± 19.4
|
0.447
|
|
General health perception
|
63.5 ± 20.7
|
63.3 ± 17.7
|
0.977
|
|
Physical component summary
|
43.6 ± 10.2
|
44.4 ± 9.6
|
0.726
|
|
Mental component summary
|
50.4 ± 9.8
|
49.9 ± 9.5
|
0.835
|
Note: All values are presented as means ± standard deviation.
Table 5
Mean Lower Extremity Functional Scale scores per group based on free flap used
|
Activities
|
Fasciocutaneous flap
N = 62
|
Muscle flap
N = 27
|
p-Value
|
|
A. Any of your usual work, housework, or school activities
|
2.8 ± 1.2
|
3.1 ± 0.8
|
0.155
|
|
B. Your usual hobbies, recreational, or sporting activities
|
2.6 ± 1.3
|
2.7 ± 1.1
|
0.654
|
|
C. Getting into or out of the bath
|
3.2 ± 1.1
|
3.2 ± 1.1
|
0.959
|
|
D. Walking between rooms
|
3.4 ± 0.9
|
3.4 ± 0.6
|
0.932
|
|
E. Putting on your shoes or socks
|
3.4 ± 0.9
|
3.1 ± 1.0
|
0.176
|
|
F. Squatting
|
2.3 ± 1.5
|
2.1 ± 1.4
|
0.625
|
|
G. Lifting an object, like a bag of groceries from the floor
|
3.4 ± 0.9
|
3.3 ± 0.9
|
0.774
|
|
H. Performing light activities around your home
|
3.4 ± 0.8
|
3.4 ± . 0.6
|
0.801
|
|
I. Performing heavy activities around your home
|
2.3 ± 1.1
|
2.2 ± 1.2
|
0.893
|
|
J. Getting into or out of a car
|
3.3 ± 0.8
|
3.4 ± 0.8
|
0.719
|
|
K. Walking two blocks
|
3.3 + 0.9
|
3.3 ± 0.9
|
0.996
|
|
L. Walking 1 mile
|
2.5 ± 1.3
|
2.6 ± 1.3
|
0.722
|
|
M. Going up or down 10 stairs (approximately one flight of stairs)
|
3.0 ± 1.0
|
3.1 ± 0.9
|
0.528
|
|
N. Standing for 1 hour
|
2.3 ± 1.3
|
2.3 ± 1.3
|
0.797
|
|
O. Sitting for 1 hour
|
3.6 ± 0.8
|
3.6 ± 0.8
|
0.892
|
|
P. Running on even ground
|
1.0 ± 1.3
|
0.4 ± 0.9
|
0.065
|
|
Q. Running on uneven ground
|
0.7 ± 1.2
|
0.3 ± 0.6
|
0.099
|
|
R. Making sharp turns while running fast
|
0.8 ± 1.3
|
0.4 ± 0.9
|
0.098
|
|
S. Hopping
|
1.0 ± 1.3
|
1.0 ± 1.3
|
0.956
|
|
T. Rolling over in bed
|
3.6 ± 0.8
|
3.5 ± 0.8
|
0.461
|
|
LEFS total score (out of 80)
|
51.7 ± 15.6
|
50.4 ± 12.4
|
0.703
|
Notes: All values are presented as means ± SD. Scores ranging from 0 to 4 with 0 indicating
extreme difficulty or inability and 4 indicating no difficulty to perform activity.
Patient-Level Risk Factors
In the multivariable regression model for the fasciocutaneous flaps, the variables
BMI, pain, diabetes, mental health, and years since surgery were found to be significant
predictors of several patient-reported outcome scores ([Table 6]). Pain reported as “moderate or worse” was a significant predictor of lower MCS,
PCS, and total LEFS scores. A BMI above or equal to 30 was a significant predictor
of low MCS scores. The presence of diabetes was found to be a significant predictor
of decreased PCS scores. An MCS score in the lower quartile, and a follow-up of 2
years or less after surgery were significant predictors of lower total LEFS score.
The multivariable regression model for muscle flaps showed that only the variable
pain was a significant predictor of decreased total LEFS scores ([Table 6]).
Table 6
Overview of significant variables by multivariable analyses for fasciocutaneous and
muscle flaps
|
Variables
|
Patient responses
|
Mean score
|
Beta
|
95% Confidence intervals
|
|
Lower
|
Upper
|
p-Value
|
|
Fasciocutaneous flap
|
|
MCS
|
|
BMI
|
≥ 30 (n = 12)
|
45.0
|
−6.305
|
−12.120
|
−0.489
|
0.034
|
|
|
< 30 (n = 50)
|
51.7
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pain[a]
|
Yes (n = 25)
|
46.8
|
−5.046
|
−9.763
|
−0.329
|
0.036
|
|
No (n = 37)
|
52.9
|
|
|
|
|
|
PCS
|
|
Diabetes
|
Yes (n = 5)
|
37.3
|
−10.024
|
−18.301
|
−1.748
|
0.018
|
|
No (n = 57)
|
44.1
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pain[a]
|
Yes (n = 25)
|
38.0
|
−10.316
|
−14.886
|
−5.745
|
<0.001
|
|
No (n = 37)
|
47.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
LEFS
|
|
MCS score[b]
|
Low (n = 16)
|
44.0
|
−8.073
|
−15.775
|
−0.370
|
0.040
|
|
High (n = 46)
|
53.9
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pain[a]
|
Yes (n = 25)
|
43.1
|
−11.741
|
-18.816
|
-4.612
|
0.001
|
|
No (n = 37)
|
57.5
|
|
|
|
|
|
Years since surgery
|
< 2 y (n = 8)
|
40.5
|
−10.891
|
−21.146
|
−0.637
|
0.038
|
|
> 2 y (n = 54)
|
53.2
|
|
|
|
|
|
Muscle flap
|
|
LEFS
|
|
Pain[a]
|
Yes (n = 13)
|
43.8
|
−12.725
|
−21.303
|
−4.148
|
0.005
|
|
No (n = 14)
|
56.6
|
|
|
|
|
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; LEFS, Lower Extremity Functional Scale; MCS,
mental component summary; PCS, physical component summary.
a Pain was defined as “yes” if rated as moderate or worse and “no” if rated as no pain
or slight pain.
b MCS score, low (≤) and high (>) defined with reference to the lower quartile.
The variables gender, smoking status, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, primary
or secondary surgery, surgical complication, oncologic defect, traumatic defect, and
recent or past trauma were not significant predictors of decreased MCS, PCS, and LEFS
scores.
Discussion
Microsurgical lower extremity free flap reconstructions for complex defects at the
extremities have become daily practices for many microsurgeons. Free flap surgery
is developing into a highly reliable option for the reconstructive surgeons. Flap
selection follows the principle to strive for optimal functional outcomes and decrease
donor site morbidity. The selection of flap type is a subject of continued debate
and fills programs of conferences and tables of contents of many journals. This cross-sectional
study compared free flap reconstructions using fasciocutaneous with reconstructions
using muscle flaps. Patient-reported functionality nor HRQOL results were able to
show significant differences between both options. Risk factors that contribute to
poorer results were determined, outcomes indicated that pain was significantly related
to decreased functional outcomes for both fasciocutaneous and muscle flaps and to
lower mental and physical scores of patients treated with fasciocutaneous flaps. In
addition, regarding fasciocutaneous flaps a BMI above 30, diabetes, poorer mental
health, and a follow-up of less than 2 years were predictors of lower scores.
Prior studies comparing fasciocutaneous and muscle flaps for functionality have found
comparable results. Cho et al reported no difference between fasciocutaneous and muscles
flaps regarding return to ambulation (defined as time to full weight-bearing status)
in patients treated for acute and chronic traumatic wounds.[10] In the treatment of distal third and ankle traumatic open tibial fractures, Yazar
et al also found comparable functional outcomes if selected for the appropriate defects.[11] They stated that free muscle flaps are more suitable for major tridimensional defects,
whereas both flaps are equally effective in smaller fractures. Black et al conducted
a comparison between free fasciocutaneous anterolateral thigh flaps versus vastus
lateralis muscle flaps for the management of chronic wounds of the lower extremities
and observed similar ambulation rates.[12] Our findings on functionality are in line with these studies but have now been examined
and confirmed through the patient's perspective. The selection of free flap type should
be based on defect characteristics in combination with the individual skills and preferences
of the plastic surgeon.
Pain continues to be an important factor for patients and has shown to be a prognostic
indicator for poorer outcomes in both cohorts within the scope of this study. Egeler
et al found similar results in a cohort of patients treated with lower extremity free
flap reconstructions for solely traumatic injuries.[13] They concluded that after a mean follow-up of 10 years, chronic pain was an independent
predictor for lower scores of both PCS and LEFS. Harries et al reported data on pain
after lower extremity injuries requiring flap coverage and the impact on patient's
quality of life.[14] They stated that persistent pain following the reconstruction significantly affects
the patient's quality of life, specifically their enjoyment of life and the capacity
to work and walk. A total of 43% of the patients in our cohort reported that they
experienced pain of at least moderate severity. Effectively addressing these symptoms
has the potential to enhance the functionality of these individuals. An interdisciplinary
approach in the treatment of chronic pain has demonstrated a significantly improvement
in physical function.[15]
Obesity is characterized as having a BMI that exceeds 30. This condition was in our
cohort a predictor of decreased mental health for patients treated with a fasciocutaneous
free flap. This relationship is frequently explored in the literature, concluding
that obesity has a major impact on the mental well-being of individuals.[16]
[17] Obese patients are more at risk of various mental health conditions, such as anxiety
and depression. Obesity is also the primary risk factor for the development of diabetes
mellitus type 2.[18] In our cohort, diabetes was a significant predictor of lower PCS scores. This is
also consistent with existing literature, individuals with diabetes have a higher
vulnerability to frailty and diminished physical functioning, the cause of which is
multifactorial.[19] Obesity and diabetes are chronic conditions, but adopting a healthy lifestyle can
indirectly improve physical functioning and mental well-being over time. Educating
patients afflicted with these conditions during consultation by outlining the expected
risk and outcomes may be helpful. Enhancing weight and overall health is important
for achieving improved functional outcomes in the long term. Obesity and diabetes
were not shown to be predictive factors for diminished scores within the muscle flap
cohort. Consequently, the consideration of opting for a muscle flap over a fasciocutaneous
flap in these patients may be warranted. However, because to the limited number of
participants in the muscle group, it is more difficult to distinguish differences
between individuals, thereby precluding definitive recommendations.
Aside from the physical comorbidities obesity and diabetes, a diminished mental health
was also found to be a negative predictor in patients treated with a fasciocutaneous
flap. Patients with a mental score in the lower quartile of our cohort, scored relatively
lower on the LEFS questionnaire. Wegener et al published data from the Lower Extremity
Assessment Project Study: they conducted, however, a prospective study on solely patients
with major lower extremity trauma but showed that the results were comparable.[20] The study involved a total of 327 participants and the findings indicated that increased
levels of depression and anxiety after 6, 12, and 24 months were related with decreased
scores of physical functioning. Furthermore, a correlation was observed between elevated
pain degrees and diminished functionality after 6 and 12 months. Our cohort shows
that these associations of mental health and pain with physical function persists
up to a median follow-up of 4 years concurring with their results. All aspects of
the biopsychosocial system should be considered when taking care of patients postoperatively
to enhance their functioning and their quality of life.
Furthermore, in patients with a fasciocutaneous flap, a follow-up of 2 years or less
was shown to have a negative predictive value for functioning measured by LEFS in
comparison to a follow-up of more than 2 years. After this 2-year period, patients
continue to improve in functionality. This could be explained by the fact that patients
seem to cope and acquire improved use of their reconstructed extremity. This information
might be included in patient consultation, highlighting that the postoperative recovery
period is lengthy and comprehensive.
The following variables did not predict patient-reported outcome scores: gender, smoking
status, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, primary or secondary surgery, surgery
level, oncologic defect, traumatic defect, and recent or past trauma. Interestingly,
individuals treated for a traumatic defect showed comparable functional outcomes to
patients with a nontraumatic etiology.
The study was limited by the retrospective design and therefore unavoidable incomplete
data retrieval. Total flap loss was not observed in either group. A total of 15 patients
were included who underwent secondary reconstruction, after failure of previous flaps,
or to address complications or deficiencies arising after the initial surgery. This
study solely assessed data on the final reconstruction, thereby resulting in an underestimation
of the number of complications, particularly total flap loss. The group patients undergoing
lower extremity reconstruction and the etiology of the defect were quite heterogeneous.
The study may be limited by the impact of surgeons' preference on reconstructive decision-making,
despite comparable study populations among the participating centers. Distribution
of patients among both groups was uneven: only 31 patients receiving muscle flaps
compared with 69 fasciocutaneous flaps. Due to the limited numbers in the muscle group,
it will be more difficult to find differences between individuals. This may explain
why only pain was identified as a risk factor in the multivariate analysis. Lastly,
we acknowledge the potential impact of the weight-bearing aspect of heel and foot
reconstructions on postoperative scores. However, because to limited data, we were
unable to explore this.
Conclusion
After microsurgical soft tissue coverage of the lower extremity, patients treated
with a free fasciocutaneous and muscle flaps experience similar levels of functionality
and quality of life. Patients with pain generally score lower on functional and mental
outcomes. These patients should therefore be referred to a pain management specialist
at an early stage postoperatively. Other factors that were associated with decreased
outcomes and therefore must be taken into account, include obesity, diabetes, lower
mental health, and a follow-up of less than 2 years. Based on our findings, we advise
patients to be treated in a holistic manner considering physical comorbidities, subjective
pain, and mental condition. These factors will significantly impact their functionality
and therefore quality of life.
