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DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1100963
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Herzhypertrophie und Herzinsuffizienz – experimentelle Befunde zur Arrhythmogenese
Arrhythmogenesis in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure – experimental findingsPublication History
eingereicht: 21.2.2008
akzeptiert: 1.9.2008
Publication Date:
15 December 2008 (online)

Zusammenfassung
Für viele Todesfälle bei chronischer Herzinsuffizienz sind ventrikuläre Tachyarrhythmien verantwortlich. Dies gilt vor allem für die frühen Stadien der Herzinsuffizienz, in denen weit mehr als 50 % der Todesfälle plötzlich erfolgen, hauptsächlich aufgrund ventrikulärer Tachyarrhythmien.
Während bei einem Herzinfarkt Rhythmusstörungen, die auf dem Wiedereintritt von Erregungen („Reentry”) beruhen, die wesentliche Rolle spielen, sind die arrhythmogenen Mechanismen bei Herzinsuffizienz vielfältiger. Besondere Bedeutung kommen einer getriggerten Aktivität und anderen Automatiemechanismen zu. Die Entstehung getriggerter Aktivität und der ihr vielfach zugrundeliegenden frühen Nachdepolarisationen wird durch eine Verlängerung des Aktionspotenzials begünstigt. Diese Verlängerung wurde sowohl am hypertrophierten als auch am insuffizienten Herzen nachgewiesen. Sie beruht auf einer Verminderung auswärtsgerichteter, repolarisierender, transmembranärer Ionenströme vor allem durch das Herunterregeln von Kaliumkanälen. Überdies kommt es nach Ausbildung einer chronischen Herzinsuffizienz sowohl unter experimentellen Bedingungen als auch beim Menschen zu einer Zunahme der Dispersion der Repolarisation als einem elektrophysiologischen Substrat, das der Aufrechterhaltung polymorpher Kammertachykardien zugrunde liegt.
Letztlich führt eine chronische Herzinsuffizienz zu einer Verminderung der so genannten Repolarisationsreserve als einer „Patienten-spezifischen” Antwort auf multiple Veränderungen des Repolarisationsprozesses. Eine Hypokaliämie bei diuretischer Therapie, eine Bradykardie, Störungen des Reizleitungssystems, oder auch eine Ko-Medikation mit z. B. Antiarrhythmika oder Antibiotika (Makrolide, Chinolone) im Rahmen häufiger pulmonaler Infekte erhöhen das Risiko für das Auftreten potenziell lebensbedrohlicher ventrikulärer Tachyarrhythmien vom Torsade-de-Pointes-Typ, insbesondere bei herzinsuffizienten Patienten. Ein vielversprechender medikamentöser Ansatz scheint die Blockade des sogenannten Na+/Ca2+-Austauschers darzustellen. Erste, bislang unveröffentlichte, experimentelle Daten zeigen eine deutliche Reduktion proarrhythmischer Effekt nach Ausbildung einer chronischen Herzinsuffizienz durch eine selektive Blockade dieses Ionenkanals.
Summary
One major cause of sudden cardiac death in heart failure is the occurrence of life-threatening polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Especially in the early stages of heart failure half of the deaths are sudden and unexpected. The majority of these are caused by ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Whereas reentry plays a major role in patients after myocardial infarction, triggered activity is responsible for the occurrence of arrhythmic events in non-ischemic heart failure. Action potential prolongation serves as the electrophysiological basis for the formation of triggered activity and the underlying early afterdepolarizations. It has been demonstrated in heart failure and in cardiac hypertrophy that this results from a reduction in outward repolarizing ion currents, especially due to downregulation of potassium channels. The underlying substrate for the maintenance of arrhythmias in chronic heart failure in experimental models and in humans is an increase in dispersion of repolarization. It opens the floodgate to the occurrence of potentially life-threatening polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias and leads to their maintenance. Thus chronic heart failure leads to a reduced repolarization reserve, i.e. a patient-specific response to risk factors that influence repolarization. Additional risk factors in patients with heart failure are hypokalemia (diuretic therapy), bradycardia (AV block) or concomitant therapy with repolarization prolonging drugs (antiarrhythmic drugs, antibiotics etc.) that may add further stress on the repolarization process and set the stage for the occurrence of life-threatening arrhythmias. One promising therapeutic approach to suppress arrhythmias in chronic heart failure may be a selective blocking of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. Experimental data have recently demonstrated a reduction of action potential duration, and dispersion of repolarization as well as suppression of early afterdepolarizations and torsade de pointes in an isolated intact heart model of chronic heart failure in a proarrhythmic milieu due to block of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger.
Schlüsselwörter
chronische Herzinsuffizienz - plötzlicher Herztod - Proarrhythmie - Na+/Ca2+-Austauscher
Key words
chronic heart failure - sudden cardiac death - proarrhythmia - Na+/Ca2+ exchanger
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Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Günter Breithardt
Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik C – Kardiologie
und Angiologie Universitätsklinikum Münster
Albert-Schweitzer Str. 33
48149 Münster
Phone: 0251/834-7617
Fax: 0251/834-7864
Email: g.breithardt@uni-muenster.de