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DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1102982
© Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart · New York
Der zentrale Venenkatheter – eine Literaturanalyse – Indikationen, Nutzen und Risiken
Central venous cannulation – the important things, you should know!Publication History
Publication Date:
28 October 2008 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Die Anlage eines zentralen Venenkatheters ist unerlässlich für die Versorgung von kritisch kranken Patienten sowie für Patienten, die eine große Operation benötigen. Auf der Grundlage von etwa 90 Studien wird ein Gesamtüberblick über die Verwendung des ZVK gegeben – eine Zusammenfassung über die Anwendung und Pflege, typische Komplikationen, häufigste Punktionsorte und –techniken.
Abstract
Central venous cannulation is essential for management of patients who are critically ill or require major surgery. Based on approximately 90 studies, the use and maintainance of catheters, typical complications, most common puncture sites and techniques were sighted to give an overview over the state–of–the–art concerning central venous catheters.
Schlüsselwörter:
ZVK - katheterassoziierte Komplikationen - Katheteranlage
Key Words:
central venous catheter - catheter related complication - infection - technique of insertion
Kernaussagen
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Indikationen zur Anlage eines ZVK sind u. a. die Gabe von hyperosmolaren Lösungen, von Katecholaminen und anderen venenreizenden Substanzen, die Langzeit–Infusionstherapie und die venovenöse Hämofiltration/–dialyse.
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Weitere Indikationen sind: die Ermittlung der zentralvenösen Sättigung bei schweren Krankheitsbildern sowie die Bestimmung des systemischen Widerstandes.
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Keine Indikationen für die Anlage eines zentralen Venekatheters sind das Monitoring des intravasalen Volumens und die Steuerung des Volumenhaushaltes.
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Bei der ultraschallgestützten Punktion treten Komplikationen seltener auf als bei der herkömmlichen Landmark–Methode; zudem spart sie Zeit und Kosten.
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Bei ca. 15 % der Patienten, die einen Katheter erhalten, kommt es zu Komplikationen: mechanische Probleme, Infektionen oder thrombotische Komplikationen.
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Bei der Punktion der V. subclavia muss die Lage des Katheters mittels Röntgenthoraxaufnahme kontrolliert werden; bei 2 % der Subklavia–Punktionen tritt ein Pneumothorax auf.
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Die größte Gefahr bei peripher eingebrachten Kathetern sind Thrombophlebitiden.
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Infektionen treten bei Kathetern, die mit antiinfektiösen Substanzen imprägniert sind (Chlorhexidin, Silbersulfadiazin, Minocyclin/Rifampicin), seltener auf.
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Die prophylaktische Gabe von Antibiotika nach der Punktion gehört in Deutschland nicht zum Standard.
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Mithilfe der Röntgenthoraxaufnahme können Fehllagen, Katheterbruch, Embolien, das Pinch–off–Syndrom und ein verspätet aufgetretener Pneumothorax identifiziert werden.
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Katheter, die länger als 3–4 Tage verbleiben, sollen nicht regelmäßig gewechselt werden, da das Infektionsrisiko unabhängig von der Verweildauer ist.
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Ergänzendes Material
- Supporting Information_Literature
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Dr. med. Ursula Szibor–Kriesen
Dr. med. Gernot Rücker
PD Dr. med. Dierk Vagts
Email: dierk.vagts@medizin.uni-rostok.de
- Literaturverzeichnis