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DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1220929
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York
Aktuelle und neue Medikamente in der Tabakentwöhnung[*]
Current and Future Medical Drugs for Smoking CessationPublication History
Publication Date:
05 June 2009 (online)
Zusammenfassung
Rauchen ist der wichtigste Risikofaktor für eine Reihe vermeidbarer Krankheiten und Grund für eine erhöhte Mortalität. Weltweit existieren schätzungsweise 1,3 Milliarden Raucher, 4,9 Millionen sterben jährlich an tabakinduzierten Erkrankungen. Da das Rauchen ein enorm hohes Suchtpotential beinhaltet, kann eine Langzeitabstinenz oft nur mit Hilfe einer Pharmakotherapie erreicht werden. Dabei ist die Nikotinersatztherapie das derzeit am meisten eingesetzte und von der WHO empfohlene Verfahren zur Tabakentwöhnung. Die Wirksamkeit des Antidepressivums Bupropion konnte durch eine Reihe von Studien belegt werden. Vareniclin ist ein partieller Agonist am Nikotinrezeptor und wird seit kurzem zur Behandlung der Tabakabhängigkeit in Deutschland eingesetzt. Vorläufige Daten klinischer Studien belegen die Effektivität und sichere Anwendung des Medikaments. Clonidin und Nortriptylin weisen in Studien eine Wirksamkeit bei der Tabakentwöhnung auf. Allerdings wird ihr Nutzen durch Begleiterscheinung reduziert. Darüberhinaus sind beide Medikamente in Deutschland nicht für die Tabakentwöhnung zugelassen. Andere Verfahren wie Rimonabant und die Impfung gegen Nikotin befinden sich derzeit noch in der Erprobung. Beide bieten Rauchern zusätzliche Möglichkeiten der Unterstützung bei Tabakentwöhnung.Für eine langfristige Abstinenz muss neben der physiologischen Abhängigkeit immer auch die psychische Abhängigkeit behandelt werden. Aus diesem Grund sollten neben medikamentösen Therapien immer auch psychologische Methoden zum Einsatz kommen.
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the world. There are nearly 1, 3 billion users of nicotine and tobacco products worldwide while approximately 4, 9 millions of them die from smoking-related disease every year. Cigarette smoking is a highly addictive behavior. Pharmacotherapy can be useful to achieve long-term abstinence. Nicotine replacement products are widely employed and recommended by the World Health Organization. There is strong evidence for the efficacy of the atypical antidepressant Bupropion as therapy for smoking cessation. The partial nicotinic receptor agonist varenicline has recently been approved as treatment for nicotine addiction in Germany. Preliminary data from clinical trials have suggested that varenicline may be an effective therapy for tobacco dependence with minimal side effects. Clonidine and nortriptyline have demonstrated some efficacy but possible side effects may limit their use. Additionally both are not approved for smoking cessation in Germany. Other promising new therapeutic drugs include Rimonabant and nicotine vaccines. They will provide smokers additional options to assist in achieving smoking cessation. Treatment of psychological dependence in addition to physiological dependence, however, is a must for long-term abstinence. For this reason a successful smoking cessation intervention requires besides pharmacological treatments motivational counseling and behavioral interventions.
Schlüsselwörter
Pharmakologische Interventionen - Tabakentwöhnung - Tabakabhängigkeit - Wirksamkeit der Behandlung
Key words
pharmacological interventions - smoking cessation - tobacco dependence - treatment efficacy
1 Dieser Beitrag wurde in der Zeitschrift Pneumologie, 2008; 62: 718–729 bereits veröff entlicht. Er wurde mit einem Abstract und Schlüsselwörter ergänzt.
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1 Dieser Beitrag wurde in der Zeitschrift Pneumologie, 2008; 62: 718–729 bereits veröff entlicht. Er wurde mit einem Abstract und Schlüsselwörter ergänzt.
Korrespondenzadresse
Dipl. Psych. B. Kusma
Institut für Arbeitsmedizin
Thielallee 69–73
14159 Berlin
Email: bianca.kusma@charite.de