Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1233329
Psychosoziale Risikofaktoren bei Adipositas und Metabolischem Syndrom
Publication History
Publication Date:
26 June 2009 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/eum/200902/lookinside/thumbnails/10.1055-s-0029-1233329-1.jpg)
Zusammenfassung
Die Ursachen der Adipositas werden meist einer genetischen Prädisposition oder pauschal einem Lebensstil mit Bewegungsmangel sowie Fehl- bzw. Überernährung zugeschrieben. Diese Übersicht verweist auf neuere Untersuchungen, die psychosoziale Risikofaktoren dieses Lebensstils und damit der Adipositas genauer herausarbeiten. Hier sind weitere so genannte adipogene Umweltfaktoren zu nennen, aber auch Mechanismen einer „fetalen Programmierung”, frühe Traumatisierungen in der Kindheit, Verlustereignisse, chronischer Stress am Arbeitsplatz und depressive Episoden, die oft einhergehen mit Schlafmangel, Bewegungsarmut, sozialem Rückzug und einem stresstypischen Essverhalten, das auch der Affektregulation dient. Meist ist die erhöhte psychische Komorbidität adipöser Personen Folge einer mit der Adipositas verbundenen stärkeren psychosozialen Belastung.
Schlüsselwörter
Adipositas - Metabolisches Syndrom - psychosoziale Risikofaktoren - Stress - Binge-Eating-Störung
Literatur
- 1 Abraham N G, Brunner E J, Eriksson J W, Robertson R P. Metabolic syndrome: psychosocial, neuroendocrine, and classical risk factors in type 2 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007; 1113 256-275
- 2 Adams K F, Schatzkin A, Harris T B. et al . Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355 763-778
- 3 Alberti K G, Zimmet P, Shaw J. The metabolic syndrome – a new worldwide definition. Lancet. 2005; 366 1059-1062
- 4 Assmann G, Cullen P, Schulte H. Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute coronary events based on the 10-year follow-up of the prospective cardiovascular Münster (PROCAM) study. Circulation. 2002; 105 310-315
- 5 Ayas N T, White D P, Al-Delaimy W K. et al . A prospective study of self-reported sleep duration and incident diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26 380-384
- 6 Basdevant A, Pouillon M, Lahlou N. et al . Prevalence of binge eating disorder in different populations of French women. Int J Eat Disord. 1995; 18 309-315
- 7 Baumeister H, Harter M. Mental disorders in patients with obesity in comparison with healthy probands. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007; 31 1155-1164
- 8 Becker E S, Margraf J, Turke V, Soeder U, Neumer S. Obesity and mental illness in a representative sample of young women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001; 25 (Suppl 1) S5-S9
- 9 Bergmann A, Li J, Wang L. et al . A simplified Finnish diabetes risk score to predict type 2 diabetes risk and disease evolution in a German population. Horm Metab Res. 2007; 39 677-682
- 10 Berman W. The incidence and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders in obesity. J Personal Disord. 1992; 6 168-175
- 11 Berufsverband Deutscher Psychologinnen und Psychologen, Hrsg. Anstieg psychischer Probleme in der Arbeitswelt. Pressemitteilung Nr. 04/08 vom 22.04.2008. http://www.bdp-verband.de/bdp/presse/2008/04_bericht.html .
- 12 Bjorntorp P. Visceral fat accumulation: the missing link between psychosocial factors and cardiovascular disease?. J Intern Med. 1991; 230 195-201
- 13 Bjorntorp P. Body fat distribution, insulin resistance, and metabolic diseases. Nutrition. 1997; 13 795-803
- 14 Black D W, Goldstein R B, Mason E E. Prevalence of mental disorder in 88 morbidly obese bariatric clinic patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1992; 149 227-234
- 15 Blaine B E, Rodman J, Newman J M. Weight loss treatment and psychological well-being: a review and meta-analysis. J Health Psychol. 2007; 12 66-82
- 16 Bonnet M H, Arand D L. We are chronically sleep deprived. Sleep. 1995; 18 908-911
- 17 Bramlage P. Epidemiologie und Komorbiditäten der Adipositas in Deutschland. Der Diabetologe. 2008; 4 259-265
- 18 Brühlmann T. What is burnout syndrome?. Praxis (Bern 1994). 2007; 96 901-905
- 19 Brunner E J, Hemingway H, Walker B R. et al . Adrenocortical, autonomic, and inflammatory causes of the metabolic syndrome: nested case-control study. Circulation. 2002; 106 2659-2665
- 20 Bush D E, Ziegelstein R C, Tayback M. et al . Even minimal symptoms of depression increase mortality risk after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2001; 88 337-341
- 21 Carnethon M R, Biggs M L, Barzilay J I. et al . Longitudinal association between depressive symptoms and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in older adults: the cardiovascular health study. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167 802-807
- 22 Cavalot F, Petrelli A, Traversa M. et al . Postprandial blood glucose is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than fasting blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in women: lessons from the San Luigi Gonzaga Diabetes Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 91 813-819
- 23 Chan J M, Rimm E B, Colditz G A, Stampfer M J, Willett W C. Obesity, fat distribution, and weight gain as risk factors for clinical diabetes in men. Diabetes Care. 1994; 17 961-969
- 24 Chandola T, Brunner E, Marmot M. Chronic stress at work and the metabolic syndrome: prospective study. BMJ. 2006; 332 521-525
- 25 Christakis N A. Social networks and collateral health effects. BMJ. 2004; 329 184-185
- 26 Christakis N A, Fowler J H. The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357 370-379
- 27 Colditz G A, Willett W C, Rotnitzky A, Manson J E. Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women. Ann Intern Med. 1995; 122 481-486
- 28 Cooper Z, Fairburn C G. A new cognitive behavioural approach to the treatment of obesity. Behav Res Ther. 2001; 39 499-511
- 29 Cooper Z, Fairburn C G. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of obesity. In: Wadden T, Stunkard A, eds. Handbook of obesity. New York, London; The Guilford Press 2002: 465-479
- 30 Cooper Z, Fairburn C G, Hawker D M. Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie der Adipositas. Stuttgart; Schattauer 2008
- 31 Danner D D, Snowdon D A, Friesen W V. Positive emotions in early life and longevity: findings from the nun study. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2001; 80 804-813
- 32 de Zwaan M, Mitchell J E. Binge eating in the obese. Ann Med. 1992; 24 303-308
- 33 Dingemans A E, Bruna M J, van Furth E F. Binge eating disorder: a review. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002; 26 299-307
- 34 Ebbeling C B, Sinclair K B, Pereira M A. et al . Compensation for energy intake from fast food among overweight and lean adolescents. JAMA. 2004; 291 2828-2833
- 35 Elenkov I J, Iezzoni D G, Daly A, Harris A G, Chrousos G P. Cytokine dysregulation, inflammation and well-being. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2005; 12 255-269
- 36 Empana J P, Ducimetiere P, Charles M A, Jouven X. Sagittal abdominal diameter and risk of sudden death in asymptomatic middle-aged men: the Paris Prospective Study I. Circulation. 2004; 110 2781-2785
- 37 Executive: Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001 285: 2486-2497
- 38 Fairburn C G, Stice E, Cooper Z. et al . Understanding persistence in bulimia nervosa: a 5-year naturalistic study. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003; 71 103-109
- 39 Filipiak B, Schneller H, Döring A. et al .MONICA-Projekt Augsburg. GSF-Bericht. GSF-Forschungszentrum 1993
- 40 Flegal K M, Troiano R P, Pamuk E R. et al . The influence of smoking cessation on the prevalence of overweight in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1995; 333 1165-1170
- 41 Forrest K Y, Becker D J, Kuller L H. et al . Are predictors of coronary heart disease and lower-extremity arterial disease in type 1 diabetes the same? A prospective study. Atherosclerosis. 2000; 148 159-169
- 42 Gabbard C. The need for quality physical education. J Sch Nurs. 2001; 17 73-75
- 43 Golden S H, Williams J E, Ford D E. et al . Depressive symptoms and the risk of type 2 diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27 429-435
- 44 Grilo C M, Masheb R M. Childhood maltreatment and personality disorders in adult patients with binge eating disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2002; 106 183-188
- 45 Grilo C M, Masheb R M, Brody M. et al . Childhood maltreatment in extremely obese male and female bariatric surgery candidates. Obes Res. 2005; 13 123-130
- 46 Guzder R N, Gatling W, Mullee M A, Byrne C D. Impact of metabolic syndrome criteria on cardiovascular disease risk in people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2006; 49 49-55
- 47 Hauner H. Evidence based therapy of obesity. Internist (Berl). 2006; 47 159-170
- 48 Hauner H, Buchholz G, Hamann A. et al .Evidenzbasierte Leitlinie Prävention und Therapie der Adipositas (25.05.2007). http://www.adipositas-gesellschaft.de/daten/Adipositas-Leitlinie-2007.pdf .
- 49 Hay P. The epidemiology of eating disorder behaviors: an Australian community-based survey. Int J Eat Disord. 1998; 23 371-382
- 50 Hay P, Fairburn C. The validity of the DSM-IV scheme for classifying bulimic eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 1998; 23 7-15
- 51 Hayashi K, Hayashi T, Iwanaga S. et al . Laughter lowered the increase in postprandial blood glucose. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26 1651-1652
- 52 Hayashi T, Urayama O, Kawai K. et al . Laughter regulates gene expression in patients with type 2 diabetes. Psychother Psychosom. 2006; 75 62-65
- 53 Hayashi T, Urayama O, Hori M. et al . Laughter modulates prorenin receptor gene expression in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Psychosom Res. 2007; 62 703-706
- 54 Hayashi T, Tsujii S, Iburi T. et al . Laughter up-regulates the genes related to NK cell activity in diabetes. Biomed Res. 2008; 28 281-285
- 55 Hebebrand J, Wulftange H, Goerg T. et al . Epidemic obesity: are genetic factors involved via increased rates of assortative mating. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000; 24 345-353
- 56 Heiskanen T H, Niskanen L K, Hintikka J J. et al . Metabolic syndrome and depression: a cross-sectional analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006; 67 1422-1427
- 57 Hemingway H, Shipley M, Brunner E. et al . Does autonomic function link social position to coronary risk? The Whitehall II study. Circulation. 2005; 111 3071-3077
- 58 Herpertz S, Saller B. [Psychosomatic aspects of obesity]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol. 2001; 51 336-349
- 59 Herpertz S, Kielmann R, Wolf A M. et al . Does obesity surgery improve psychosocial functioning? A systematic review. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003; 27 1300-1314
- 60 Herpertz S, Senf W. Psychotherapie der Adipositas. Dtsch Ärztebl. 2003; 100 A1367-1373
- 61 Herpertz S. Obesity is more than an eating disorder – the multidimensional perspective of a pandemia. Z Psychosom Med Psychother. 2008; 54 4-31
- 62 Hu F B, Manson J E, Stampfer M J. et al . Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345 790-797
- 63 Hu F B, Willett W C, Li T. et al . Adiposity as compared with physical activity in predicting mortality among women. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351 2694-2703
- 64 Iglowstein I, Jenni O G, Molinari L, Largo R H. Sleep duration from infancy to adolescence: reference values and generational trends. Pediatrics. 2003; 111 302-307
- 65 Innes K E, Vincent H K, Taylor A G. Chronic stress and insulin resistance-related indices of cardiovascular disease risk, part I: neurophysiological responses and pathological sequelae. Altern Ther Health Med. 2007; 13 46-52
- 66 International Diabetes Federation. The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the metabolic syndrome. 2006. www.idf.org .
- 67 Jee S H, Sull J W, Park J. et al . Body-mass index and mortality in Korean men and women. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355 779-787
- 68 Kanayama T, Kobayashi N, Mamiya S. et al . Organotin compounds promote adipocyte differentiation as agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma/retinoid X receptor pathway. Mol Pharmacol. 2005; 67 766-774
- 69 Kara B, Pinar L, Ugur F, Oguz M. Correlations between aerobic capacity, pulmonary and cognitive functioning in the older women. Int J Sports Med. 2005; 26 220-224
- 70 Katzmarzyk P T, Perusse L, Rao D C, Bouchard C. Spousal resemblance and risk of 7-year increases in obesity and central adiposity in the Canadian population. Obes Res. 1999; 7 545-551
- 71 Katzmarzyk P T, Hebebrand J, Bouchard C. Spousal resemblance in the Canadian population: implications for the obesity epidemic. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002; 26 241-246
- 72 Kawakami N, Takatsuka N, Shimizu H, Ishibashi H. Depressive symptoms and occurrence of type 2 diabetes among Japanese men. Diabetes Care. 1999; 22 1071-1076
- 73 Keil U. The Worldwide WHO MONICA Project: results and perspectives. Gesundheitswesen. 2005; 67 (Suppl 1) S38-S45
- 74 Keil U, Fitzgerald A P, Gohlke H. et al . Risikoabschätzung tödlicher Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen: Die neuen SCORE-Deutschland-Tabellen für die Primärprävention. Dtsch Ärztebl. 2005; 102 A1808-1812
- 75 Keith S W, Redden D T, Katzmarzyk P T. et al . Putative contributors to the secular increase in obesity: exploring the roads less traveled. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006; 30 1585-1594
- 76 Keski-Rahkonen A, Bulik C M, Pietilainen K H. et al . Eating styles, overweight and obesity in young adult twins. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007; 61 822-829
- 77 Kohut M L, McCann D A, Russell D W. et al . Aerobic exercise, but not flexibility/resistance exercise, reduces serum IL-18, CRP, and IL-6 independent of beta-blockers, BMI, and psychosocial factors in older adults. Brain Behav Immun. 2006; 20 201-209
- 78 Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Honkanen R, Viinamaki H. et al . Self-reported life satisfaction and 20-year mortality in healthy Finnish adults. Am J Epidemiol. 2000; 152 983-991
- 79 Kyrou I, Chrousos G P, Tsigos C. Stress, visceral obesity, and metabolic complications. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006; 1083 77-110
- 80 Kyrou I, Tsigos C. Stress mechanisms and metabolic complications. Horm Metab Res. 2007; 39 430-438
- 81 Laitinen J, Ek E, Sovio U. Stress-related eating and drinking behavior and body mass index and predictors of this behavior. Prev Med. 2002; 34 29-39
- 82 Levin B E, Govek E. Gestational obesity accentuates obesity in obesity-prone progeny. Am J Physiol. 1998; 275 R1374-1379
- 83 Lindstrom J, Tuomilehto J. The diabetes risk score: a practical tool to predict type 2 diabetes risk. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26 725-731
- 84 Malchodi C S, Oncken C, Dornelas E A. et al . The effects of peer counseling on smoking cessation and reduction. Obstet Gynecol. 2003; 101 504-510
- 85 Marmot M G, Bosma H, Hemingway H. et al . Contribution of job control and other risk factors to social variations in coronary heart disease incidence. Lancet. 1997; 350 235-239
- 86 Matthiessen J, Fagt S, Biltoft-Jensen A. et al . Size makes a difference. Public Health Nutr. 2003; 6 65-72
- 87 McElroy S L, Kotwal R, Malhotra S. et al . Are mood disorders and obesity related? A review for the mental health professional. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004; 65 634-651
- 88 McTigue K, Larson J C, Valoski A. et al . Mortality and cardiac and vascular outcomes in extremely obese women. JAMA. 2006; 296 79-86
- 89 Montgomery G H, Erblich J, DiLorenzo T, Bovbjerg D H. Family and friends with disease: their impact on perceived risk. Prev Med. 2003; 37 242-249
- 90 Mooy J M, de Vries H, Grootenhuis P A. et al . Major stressful life events in relation to prevalence of undetected type 2 diabetes: the Hoorn Study. Diabetes Care. 2000; 23 197-201
- 91 Nasir U M, Iwanaga S, Nabi A H. et al . Laughter therapy modulates the parameters of renin-angiotensin system in patients with type 2 diabetes. Int J Mol Med. 2005; 16 1077-1081
- 92 Nilsson P M, Roost M, Engstrom G. et al . Incidence of diabetes in middle-aged men is related to sleep disturbances. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27 2464-2469
- 93 Nishitani N, Sakakibara H. Relationship of obesity to job stress and eating behavior in male Japanese workers. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006; 30 528-533
- 94 Ogden C L, Carroll M D, Curtin L R. et al . Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. JAMA. 2006; 295 1549-1555
- 95 Otsuka R, Tamakoshi K, Yatsuya H. et al . Eating fast leads to obesity: findings based on self-administered questionnaires among middle-aged Japanese men and women. J Epidemiol. 2006; 16 117-124
- 96 Panagiotakos D B, Pitsavos C, Chrysohoou C. et al . Inflammation, coagulation, and depressive symptomatology in cardiovascular disease-free people; the ATTICA study. Eur Heart J. 2004; 25 492-499
- 97 Pickup J C. Inflammation and activated innate immunity in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27 813-823
- 98 Preti A, Incani E, Camboni M V. et al . Sexual abuse and eating disorder symptoms: the mediator role of bodily dissatisfaction. Compr Psychiatry. 2006; 47 475-481
- 99 Pronk N P, Wing R R. Physical activity and long-term maintenance of weight loss. Obes Res. 1994; 2 587-599
- 100 Ramacciotti C E, Coli E, Passaglia C. et al . Binge eating disorder: prevalence and psychopathological features in a clinical sample of obese people in Italy. Psychiatry Res. 2000; 94 131-138
- 101 Rayworth B B, Wise L A, Harlow B L. Childhood abuse and risk of eating disorders in women. Epidemiology. 2004; 15 271-278
- 102 Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S. et al . Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11 119 cases and 13 648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004; 364 953-962
- 103 Rosmond R. Stress induced disturbances of the HPA axis: a pathway to Type 2 diabetes?. Med Sci Monit. 2003; 9 RA35-39
- 104 Rosmond R. Role of stress in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005; 30 1-10
- 105 Sanci L, Coffey C, Olsson C. et al . Childhood sexual abuse and eating disorders in females: findings from the Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort Study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008; 162 261-267
- 106 Sansone R A, Sansone L A, Fine M A. The relationship of obesity to borderline personality symptomatology, self-harm behariors, and sexual abuse in female subjects in a primary-care medical setting. J Personality Disorders. 1995; 9 254-265
- 107 Sansone R A, Sansone L A, Wiederman M W. Trauma, borderline personality, and self-harm behaviors. Arch Fam Med. 1995; 4 1000-1002
- 108 Sansone R A, Sansone L A, Wiederman M W. The comorbidity, relationship and treatment implications of borderline personality and obesity. J Psychosom Res. 1997; 43 541-543
- 109 Sansone R A, Schumacher D, Wiederman M W, Routsong-Weichers L. The prevalence of childhood trauma and parental caretaking quality among gastric surgery candidates. Eat Disord. 2008; 16 117-127
- 110 Saß H, Wittchen H U, Zaudig M. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (deutsch: Diagnostische Kriterien DSM-IV). Göttingen, Bern; Hogrefe 1994
- 111 Schmid S, Schultes B. Schlafmangel – Risikofaktor für Adipositas und Diabetes?. Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel. 2006; 1 122-127
- 112 Schulze M B, Hoffmann K, Boeing H. et al . An accurate risk score based on anthropometric, dietary, and lifestyle factors to predict the development of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30 510-515
- 113 Silverman B L, Rizzo T A, Cho N H, Metzger B E. Long-term effects of the intrauterine environment. The Northwestern University Diabetes in Pregnancy Center. Diabetes Care. 1998; 21 (Suppl 2) B142-149
- 114 Sjostrom L V. Morbidity of severely obese subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992; 55 508S-515S
- 115 Sjostrom L V. Mortality of severely obese subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992; 55 516S-523S
- 116 Sohoni P, Sumpter J P. Several environmental oestrogens are also anti-androgens. J Endocrinol. 1998; 158 327-339
- 117 Sothern M S. Obesity prevention in children: physical activity and nutrition. Nutrition. 2004; 20 704-708
- 118 Spitzer R L, Yanovski S, Wadden T. et al . Binge eating disorder: its further validation in a multisite study. Int J Eat Disord. 1993; 13 137-153
- 119 Steptoe A, Wardle J, Marmot M. Positive affect and health-related neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and inflammatory processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005; 102 6508-6512
- 120 Strauss R S. Childhood obesity and self-esteem. Pediatrics. 2000; 105 e15
- 121 Striegel-Moore R. Psychological factors in the etiology of binge eating. Addict Behav. 1995; 20 713-723
- 122 Swinburn B, Egger G. The runaway weight gain train: too many accelerators, not enough brakes. BMJ. 2004; 329 736-739
- 123 Tamashiro K L, Hegeman M A, Sakai R R. Chronic social stress in a changing dietary environment. Physiol Behav. 2006; 89 536-542
- 124 Tugade M M, Fredrickson B L. Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2004; 86 320-333
- 125 Vogelzangs N, Suthers K, Ferrucci L. et al . Hypercortisolemic depression is associated with the metabolic syndrome in late-life. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007; 32 151-159
- 126 Kähnel R von. The burnout syndrome: a medical perspective. Praxis (Bern 1994). 2008; 97 477-487
- 127 Vrijkotte T G, van Doornen L J, de Geus E J. Work stress and metabolic and hemostatic risk factors. Psychosom Med. 1999; 61 796-805
- 128 Wadden T A, Stunkard A J. Controlled trial of very low calorie diet, behavior therapy, and their combination in the treatment of obesity. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1986; 54 482-488
- 129 Wadden T A, Steen S N, Wingate B J, Foster G D. Psychosocial consequences of weight reduction: how much weight loss is enough?. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996; 63 461S-465S
- 130 Wadden T A, Berkowitz R I, Womble L G. et al . Randomized trial of lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy for obesity. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353 2111-2120
- 131 WHO. Technical Report Series 894. Genf; WHO 2000
- 132 Wilson G T, Nonas C A, Rosenblum G D. Assessment of binge eating in obese patients. Int J Eat Disord. 1993; 13 25-33
- 133 Wing R R, Marcus M D, Epstein L H, Kupfer D. Mood and weight loss in a behavioral treatment program. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1983; 51 153-155
- 134 Wing R R, Jeffery R W. Benefits of recruiting participants with friends and increasing social support for weight loss and maintenance. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999; 67 132-138
- 135 Wing R R, Tate D F, Gorin A A. et al . A self-regulation program for maintenance of weight loss. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355 1563-1571
- 136 Woodhouse A J, Cooke G M. Suppression of aromatase activity in vitro by PCBs 28 and 105 and Aroclor 1221. Toxicol Lett. 2004; 152 91-100
- 137 Yanovski S Z, Nelson J E, Dubbert B K, Spitzer R L. Association of binge eating disorder and psychiatric comorbidity in obese subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 1993; 150 1472-1479
- 138 Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S. et al . Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004; 364 937-952
- 139 Zanarini M C, Yong L, Frankenburg F R. et al . Severity of reported childhood sexual abuse and its relationship to severity of borderline psychopathology and psychosocial impairment among borderline inpatients. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2002; 190 381-387
Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. Elmar Siewert
Röher Parkklinik
Röher Str. 53
52249 Eschweiler
Email: siewert@roeher-parkklinik.de