Zusammenfassung
Die Riesenzellarteriits (RZA) ist die häufigste systemische Vaskulitis im Erwachsenenalter,
und betrifft die großen und mittelgroßen Arterien. Im Rahmen der RZA können rheumatologische
Notfallsituationen auftreten, da es durch die Entzündung der Gefäßwand zu arteriellen
Verschlüssen und/oder zur Aneurysmabildung kommen kann. Der häufigste Notfall bei
der RZA ist die anteriore ischämische Optikusneuropathie, welche unbehandelt zur Erblindung
führen kann. Gefürchtete Komplikationen sind aber auch die Dissektion eines Aortenaneurysmas,
zerebrale Ischämien, Ischämien von Extremitäten oder viszeralen Organen sowie die
Zungennekrose. Die diagnostische Abklärung mit Entnahme einer Biopsie der Temporalarterien
sollte bei Verdacht auf das Vorliegen einer RZA zwar so schnell wie möglich erfolgen,
andererseits darf die Einleitung einer Kortikosteroid Therapie durch eine noch ausstehende
Biopsie keinesfalls verzögert werden. Die RZA zeichnet sich durch ein promptes Ansprechen
auf Kortikosteroide aus. Die Rolle von Immunsuppressiva ist noch nicht vollständig
geklärt, die meisten Daten liegen derzeit zu Methotrexat als kortikosteroidsparende
Therapie vor.
Abstract
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common systemic vasculitis and affects large
and medium-sized vessels. Emergencies can occur in the course of GCA because the disease
may cause arterial stenosis and/or aneurysm formation. The most common complication
of GCA is ischaemia of the optic nerve causing irreversible blindness. Besides, dissection
of aortic aneurysm, cerebral ischaemia, ischaemia of limbs or organs as well as tongue
necrosis may occur. Diagnosis of GCA including biopsy of the temporal artery should
be performed as soon as possible; however, therapy should not be delayed due to a
lacking biopsy result. Corticosteroids are the therapy of choice in the treatment
of GCA, disease-modifying drugs, particularly methotrexate, may have a corticosteroid-sparing
effect.
Schlüsselwörter
Vaskulitis - Arteritis temporalis - Notfall - Ischiämie
Key words
vasculitis - giant cell arteritis - emergencies - ischaemic complications
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Korrespondenzadresse
PD Dr. med. Annette D. Wagner
Hannover Medical School
Department of Nephrology
Carl Neuberg Straße 1
30625 Hannover
eMail: Wagner.Annette@mh-hannover.de