Abstract
A top priority in the development of new catalytic processes
is the challenging full separation of the catalyst components from
the products. Only extremely small residues of metals or ligands
are often tolerated in the final product, particularly in the case
of active pharmaceutical ingredients; additionally, environmental
and cost considerations urge the development of processes that enable
the separation and reuse of the catalyst. Multiphase homogeneous
catalysis provides technical solutions to these needs, as witnessed
by the rapidly accelerating development of this field. Through the
analysis of recent examples, the creativity in devising technical
solutions for multiphase homogeneous reactions is outlined and the
potential rewards are illustrated.
1 Introduction
2 Catalyst Design
3 Classic Multiphase Homogeneous Procedures
3.1 Thermoregulated Solvent Pairs
3.2 Temperature-Induced Catalyst Phase Transfer in a Liquid-Liquid
Biphasic System
3.3 Quaternary Ammonium Salts in Phase Transfer Catalytic Applications
3.4 Quaternary Ammonium Salts as Metal Nanoparticle Stabilizers
4 Liquid-Liquid Biphasic Catalysis with Ion-Tagged
Catalysts
4.1 Ionic Tags and the ‘Electrosteric’ Activation
of a Catalytic Cycle
4.2 Water-Organic Phase Interface Catalysis, Micelles
and Emulsions
5 Switchable Catalysts in Liquid-Liquid Biphasic Systems
6 Homogeneous Catalysis Followed by Post-Reaction Heterogenization
6.1 One-Phase Homogeneous Reaction Followed by Catalyst Precipitation
with the Aid of an Antisolvent
6.2 Solventless Reactions and Highly Concentrated Organic Phases
7 Multiphase Homogeneous Catalysis and Flow Chemistry
8 Conclusion
Key words
multiphase homogeneous catalysis - ionic liquids - ion-tagged catalysts - catalyst recycling - electrosteric
activation
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