Übersicht:
In der fruchtbaren Phase des Menstruationszyklus finden Frauen ausgeprägt maskuline Gesichtszüge, Körpermerkmale und Verhaltensweisen besonders sexy und fühlen sich mehr als sonst von anderen Sexualpartnern als dem festen Partner angezogen. Zugleich verhalten sich feste Partner besonders aufmerksam und eifersüchtig. Die zyklusabhängige Bevorzugung maskuliner Merkmale ist besonders ausgeprägt, wenn der feste Partner solche Merkmale wenig besitzt. Dieses Muster kann durch eine evolutionspsychologische Theorie erklärt werden, die als „ovulationary shift“ oder weibliche Doppelstrategie bezeichnet wird. Nach dieser Theorie konnten in der Evolutionsgeschichte Frauen ihren Reproduktionserfolg erhöhen, indem sie erstens einen guten Versorger fanden und zweitens einen Träger guter Gene als Vater ihrer Nachkommen. Ungebundene Partner, die beide Ideale erfüllten, waren nur für wenige Frauen erreichbar. Deshalb entstanden subtile Anpassungen, die in der Phase höchster Fruchtbarkeit die Wahl auf einen genetisch attraktiven Partner lenkten, der nicht unbedingt der feste Partner sein musste. Die Konzentration auf die fruchtbare Phase verringerte das Risiko, entdeckt zu werden und in einen Konflikt mit dem festen Partner zu geraten. Zahlreiche Befunde sprechen dafür, dass eine solche evolutionär entstandene Anpassung tatsächlich existiert, besonders Befunde, die eine indirekte Messung genetischer Qualität benutzen: die Abweichungen symmetrisch angelegter Körperteile von perfekter Symmetrie. Es bleiben allerdings Fragen, z. B. warum genetische Kompatibilität und Intelligenz anscheinend nicht zu den bevorzugten Merkmalen gehören und ob der Grund für die Bevorzugung maskuliner Merkmale ausschließlich in ihrer Hinweisfunktion auf gute Gene liegt.
Schlüsselwörter:
Evolutionspsychologie - Menstruationszyklus - Ovulation - Partnerwahl - sexuelle Motivation - sexuelle Strategie
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Dr. D. Klusmann
Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf · Medizinische Psychologie W26
Martinistr. 52
20246 Hamburg
eMail: klusmann@uke.de
