Zusammenfassung
Die Diagnostik und Therapie schlafbezogener Atemstörungen
sind zum festen Bestandteil der internistischen Betreuung geworden.
Sie haben hohe Relevanz aufgrund der Beeinträchtigung der
Leistungsfähigkeit, Aufmerksamkeit und Konzentrationsfähigkeit
am Tag mit der Gefahr von Unfällen im Straßenverkehr
und am Arbeitsplatz sowie ihrer Auswirkungen insbesondere auf das
kardiovaskuläre und metabolische System. Das obstruktive
Schlafapnoesyndrom (OSAS) muss als einer der wichtigsten Risikofaktoren
für arteriosklerotische Erkrankungen, insbesondere im Bereich
der Zerebralgefäße angesehen werden. Es führt
zur arteriellen Hypertonie und erhöht die Mortalität
insbesondere aufgrund kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen. Schlafbezogene
Atemstörungen sind jedoch auch Prädiktoren von
Hyperglykämie und Fettstoffwechselstörungen. Metabolisches
Syndrom und OSAS verstärken das kardiovaskuläre
Risiko zumindest additiv. Daneben können jedoch auch Erkrankungen
des Herzens, insbesondere Herzinsuffizienz, arterielle Hypertonie
und Vorhofflimmern, zentrale Atemstörungen auslösen, was
die Prognose betroffener Patienten entscheidend beeinträchtigt.
In dieser Konstellation fehlen häufig die Krankheitssymptome
des OSAS (Schnarchen, Tagesschläfrigkeit und fremdbeobachteten
Atempausen). Stattdessen leiden die Patienten häufig unter
Erschöpfung, depressiven Symptomen mit Leistungsminderung,
was die Differentialdiagnose erschwert. In diesem Artikel sollen
wichtige neue Daten zu diesen Aspekten vorgestellt werden. Darüber
hinaus wird der Einfluss von Schlafapnoe auf thrombembolische Erkrankungen
sowie die Frage der idealen Schlafdauer diskutiert werden.
Abstract
Diagnosis and treatment of sleep related breathing disorders
have become an essential challenge of internal medicine. They are
highly important clinically because of the impairment of daytime
performance, attention and concentration with elevated risk of accidents
in workplace and traffic and because of their consequences on cardiovascular
and metabolic disorders. The obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS)
has proven to be one of the most important risk factors for arteriosclerosis,
especially in the cerebral vessels. OSAS induces arterial hypertention
and increases mortality due to cardiovascular diseases. Sleep related
breathing disorders induce hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. OSAS
and the metabolic syndrome increase the cardiovascular risk additively.
Moreover, cardiac disorders, such as arterial hypertention, heart
failure and arterial fibrillation, can induce central breathing
disturbances. This impairs the prognosis of affected patients substantially.
Atypical symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea (daytime sleepiness, snoring,
witnessed apnoea) are often absent in these patients. In contrast
patients often suffer from fatigue, reduced daytime performance,
and depression which is a major challenge to diagnosis. This review
presents new data on these aspects. Moreover, the association of
sleep apnoea and pulmonary embolism and the question of optimal
sleep duration are addressed.
Schlüsselwörter
obstruktives Schlafapneosyndrom - Schlafdauer - Arteriosklerose - Herzinsuffizienz - metabolisches Syndrom - Thrombembolie
Keywords
sleep apnea - sleep duration - arteriosclerosis - heart failure - metabolic syndrome - thrombosis
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Prof. Dr. W. J. Randerath
Institut für Pneumologie an der Universität
Witten/Herdecke Klinik für Pneumologie
und Allergologie Zentrum für Schlaf-
und Beatmungsmedizin Krankenhaus Bethanien
Aufderhöher Straße 169–175
42699
Solingen
Phone: 0212/63 6000
Fax: 0212/63 6005
Email: randerath@klinik-bethanien.de