Skull base metastases frequently occur in patients suffering from breast or prostate
cancer.[1] Diagnosis of these metastases often is difficult due to occult growth. They mostly
become symptomatic when cranial nerves are involved and palsies are seen.[1] Hall et al[2] reported one of the first series of breast cancer metastases in skull base in 10
patients. They reported an affection of cranial nerve V and VII in 60 to 70% of the
patients, and no intracranial metastasis was reported. Capobianco et al[3] reported a series of 11 patients suffering from an occipital condyle syndrome defined
as unilateral occipital pain associated with XII nerve palsy through metastases of
the skull base. Again, the most common malignancies were breast and prostate cancer.[3] For definite diagnosis, biopsies must be obtained. Metastases at the occipital condyle
are difficult to reach surgically due to its proximity to important neurovascular
structures. To our knowledge, we report the first case of breast cancer metastases
at the skull base diagnosed through a radical extended mastoidectomy.
CASE REPORT
CASE REPORT
We report the case of a 48-year-old woman who had suffered from breast cancer 7 years
ago. The tumor was staged T1N1bIIM0 with an intermediate grade. The tumor was estrogen
and progesterone receptor-positive. HER2 neu receptors were negative. Back then, the
tumor was excised, and a unilateral axillary lymph-node dissection was performed.
Adjunctive chemo- and radiation therapy as well as antihormonal therapy had been applied
without any complications. Follow-up controls did not reveal any recurrence for 7
years until a cranial computed tomography (CT) scan was performed after trauma due
to strong occipital tension-type headache on the left side. The CT scan revealed a
tumor at the occipital condyle on the left with topographical relation to the sigmoid
sinus.
Due to the patient’s history, an extended radical mastoidectomy under navigational
control was performed for biopsy (Figs. [1] and [2]). After all mastoid cells had been opened with the burr, the sigmoid sinus, dura
of middle cranial fossa, and horizontal semicircular canal were identified as landmarks.
Then, under navigational control, an access inferior to the sigmoid sinus was created,
directed medially toward the left occipital condyle. The jugular bulb was identified,
and caudally and medially to it, tumorlike masses were encountered destroying the
bone of the condyle. Several biopsies were taken from there. Histology revealed metastases
of the known breast carcinoma.
Figure 1 Intraoperative image of computer navigation with the indicated probe (blue) pointing
at the lesion in left occipital condyle.
Figure 2 Intraoperative view of the canal created to make a biopsy in left occipital condyle.
Around the canal, a classical radical mastoidectomy can be seen.
Because of the neurovascular relationships of the metastasis and its inoperability,
a stereotactic radiosurgical therapy using the gamma knife was decided upon. The volume
irradiated equaled 8.3 cm3 with a maximal irradiation dose of 41.8 Gy over a total period of 108.19 minutes
on seven isocenters.
Postoperatively, the patient did not show any adverse effects of the therapy. Magnetic
resonance imaging investigations will be performed at regular intervals.
DISCUSSION
DISCUSSION
Reports on skull base metastases of breast cancer are rare.[1]
[2]
[4] Those lesions mostly remain occult, and they remain undiagnosed until cranial nerves
are involved or pain is reported.[1]
[3]
[4] This case report describes metastasis in the left occipital condyle in a patient
with history of breast cancer, which was discovered through a CT scan when headaches
after trauma did not resolve. The patient did not have intracranial involvement or
cranial nerve palsies. Because it was unclear whether the lesion in the CT scan was
a metastases or posttraumatic change, an extended mastoidectomy for biopsy was performed
to obtain a proper diagnosis. Another option would have been to perform a suboccipital
craniotomy for diagnosis. As it was dubious that the lesion really was a metastasis
and because of its topographical proximity to the mastoid cell system, an extended
mastoidectomy was decided upon as it is less traumatic and associated with fewer comorbidities
such as bone dehiscence, vascular injury, cerebrospinal fluid leak, and longer hospitalization
compared to craniotomy. The use of intraoperative navigation helped to identify the
lesion to gain sufficient material for histological workup.
Usually distant metastases in breast cancer in other locations than skull base lead
to death.[1] Skull base metastases in otherwise tumor-free patients are rare conditions. Due
to localization, surgical therapy is limited. Thus, radiotherapy and chemotherapy,
as well as antihormonal therapy, are the treatment of choice in a palliative setting.[1] Particularly when tumor is small (<30 mm) and/or patients have previously been irradiated,
gamma knife surgery is useful as stereotactic treatment. In this case, too, the interdisciplinary
tumor conference considered the tumor inoperable under radical conditions via a craniotomy,
and thus, stereotactic treatment was decided upon to provide a higher quality of life
than attempted radical excision with probable postoperative craniocervical instability.
Capobianco et al[3] reported a series of occipital condyle syndrome, which they considered stereotypic
for metastases. They recommended thorough radiological examinations of the craniocervical
junction in persistent occipital pain so as to not overlook possible metastases as
a differential diagnosis, especially when patients have a history of malignancy. Other
reported localizations of breast cancer metastases in ENT are nasopharynx and the
paranasal sinuses.[5]
[6] In a report by Fyrmpas et al,[6] breast cancer metastases in paranasal sinuses were discovered after endoscopic sinus
surgery for chronic sinusitis.
This report adds to literature another case of skull base metastases in a breast cancer
patient, which was accidentally diagnosed in a CT scan performed after a trauma with
persistent occipital pain.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
Skull base metastases of breast cancer are a rare condition. Especially patients showing
cranial nerve palsy with unknown etiology or a so-called “occipital condyle syndrome”
need to be carefully checked by radiological examination.
Our case demonstrates the feasibility of an extended mastoidectomy performed under
computer-assisted navigation for diagnosis of metastases of the left occipital condyle.
Through this approach, enough material can be harvested to gain a definite diagnosis
without performing a craniotomy.
According to definite histological and immunohistochemical workup, optimum treatment
strategies such as gamma knife and additional antihormonal therapies can be planned.
