Literatur/References
-
1
Bosch J, Abraldes J G, Berzigotti A et al.
The clinical use of HVPG measurements in chronic liver disease.
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol.
2009;
6
573-582
-
2
Bosch J.
Vascular Deterioration in Cirrhosis. The big picture.
J Clin Gastroenterol.
2007;
41
S247-S253
-
3
Bosch J, Garcia-Pagan J C, Berzigotti A et al.
Measurement of portal pressure and its role in the management of chronic liver disease.
Semin Liver Dis.
2006;
26
348-362
-
4
D’Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L.
Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies.
J Hepatol.
2006;
44
217-231
-
5
Franchis de R.
Non-invasive (and minimally invasive) diagnosis of oesophageal varices.
J Hepatol.
2008;
49
520-527
-
6
Franchis de R.
Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension.
J Hepatol.
2010;
53
762-768
-
7
NIEC .
Prediction of the first variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices. A prospective multicenter study. The North Italian Endoscopic Club for the Study and Treatment of Esophageal Varices.
N Engl J Med.
1988;
319
983-989
-
8 Seitz K, Kubale R. Duplexsonographie der abdominellen und retroperitonealen Gefäße. Weinheim; Basel; Cambridge; New York: Medizin, VCH; 1988
-
9
Seitz K, Wermke W.
Portal hypertension – current status of ultrasound diagnosis.
Z Gastroenterol.
1995;
33
349-361
-
10
Gaiani S, Bolondi L, Li B S et al.
Effect of meal on portal hemodynamics in healthy humans and in patients with chronic liver disease.
Hepatology.
1989;
9
815-819
-
11
Ohnishi K, Saito M, Nakayama T et al.
Portal venous hemodynamics in chronic liver disease: effects of posture change and exercise.
Radiology.
1985;
155
757-761
-
12
Sabba C, Weltin G G, Cicchetti D V et al.
Observer variability in echo-Doppler measurements of portal flow in cirrhotic patients and normal volunteers.
Gastroenterology.
1990;
98
1603-1611
-
13
Sabba C, Merkel C, Zoli M et al.
Interobserver and interequipment variability of echo-Doppler examination of the portal vein: effect of a cooperative training program.
Hepatology.
1995;
21
428-433
-
14
Sacerdoti D, Gaiani S, Buonamico P et al.
Interobserver and interequipment variability of hepatic, splenic, and renal arterial Doppler resistance indices in normal subjects and patients with cirrhosis.
J Hepatol.
1997;
27
986-992
-
15
Zoli M, Merkel C, Sabba C et al.
Interobserver and inter-equipment variability of echo-Doppler sonographic evaluation of the superior mesenteric artery.
J Ultrasound Med.
1996;
15
99-106
-
16
Berzigotti A, Castaldini N, Rossi V et al.
Age dependency of regional impedance indices regardless of clinical stage in patients with cirrhosis of the liver.
Ultraschall in Med.
2009;
30
277-285
-
17
Piscaglia F, Gaiani S, Zironi G et al.
Intra- and extrahepatic arterial resistances in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis.
Ultrasound Med Biol.
1997;
23
675-682
-
18
Rossi S, Rosa L, Ravetta V et al.
Contrast-enhanced versus conventional and color Doppler sonography for the detection of thrombosis of the portal and hepatic venous systems.
Am J Roentgenol.
2006;
186
763-773
-
19
Rossi S, Ghittoni G, Ravetta V et al.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and spiral computed tomography in the detection and characterization of portal vein thrombosis complicating hepatocellular carcinoma.
Eur Radiol.
2008;
18
1749-1756
-
20
Bargallo X, Gilabert R, Nicolau C et al.
Sonography of the caudate vein: value in diagnosing Budd-Chiari syndrome.
Am J Roentgenol.
2003;
181
1641-1645
-
21
Valla D C.
Hepatic vein thrombosis (Budd-Chiari syndrome).
Semin Liver Dis.
2002;
22
5-14
-
22
Billing J S, Jamieson N V.
Hepatic arterioportal fistula: a curable cause of portal hypertension in infancy.
HPB Surg.
1997;
10
311-314
-
23
Lafortune M, Breton G, Charlebois S.
Arterioportal fistula demonstrated by pulsed Doppler ultrasonography.
J Ultrasound Med.
1986;
5
105-106
-
24
Bolognesi M, Sacerdoti D, Bombonato G et al.
Arterioportal fistulas in patients with liver cirrhosis: usefulness of color Doppler US for screening.
Radiology.
2000;
216
738-743
-
25
Berzigotti A, Abraldes J G, Tandon P et al.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of liver surface and transient elastography in clinically doubtful cirrhosis.
J Hepatol.
2010;
52
846-853
-
26
Nompleggi D J, Farraye F A, Singer A et al.
Hepatic schistosomiasis: report of two cases and literature review.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1991;
86
1658-1664
-
27
Hashiguchi M, Okamura T, Yoshimoto K et al.
Demonstration of reversed flow in segmental branches of the portal vein with hand-held color Doppler ultrasonography after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Bone Marrow Transplant.
2005;
36
1071-1075
-
28
Brown B P, bu-Yousef M, Farner R et al.
Doppler sonography: a noninvasive method for evaluation of hepatic venocclusive disease.
Am J Roentgenol.
1990;
154
721-724
-
29
Herbetko J, Grigg A P, Buckley A R et al.
Venoocclusive liver disease after bone marrow transplantation: findings at duplex sonography.
Am J Roentgenol.
1992;
158
1001-1005
-
30
Teefey S A, Brink J A, Borson R A et al.
Diagnosis of venoocclusive disease of the liver after bone marrow transplantation: value of duplex sonography.
Am J Roentgenol.
1995;
164
1397-1401
-
31
Caselitz M, Bahr M J, Bleck J S et al.
Sonographic criteria for the diagnosis of hepatic involvement in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT).
Hepatology.
2003;
37
1139-1146
-
32
Ocran K, Rickes S, Heukamp I et al.
Sonographic findings in hepatic involvement of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia.
Ultraschall in Med.
2004;
25
191-194
-
33
Faughnan M E, Palda V A, Garcia-Tsao G et al.
International guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia.
J Med Genet.
2011;
48
73-87
-
34
Groszmann R J, Garcia-Tsao G, Bosch J et al.
Beta-blockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis.
N Engl J Med.
2005;
353
2254-2261
-
35
Ripoll C, Groszmann R, Garcia-Tsao G et al.
Hepatic venous pressure gradient predicts clinical decompensation in patients with compensated cirrhosis.
Gastroenterology.
2007;
133
481-488
-
36
Vilgrain V, Lebrec D, Menu Y et al.
Comparison between ultrasonographic signs and the degree of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis.
Gastrointest Radiol.
1990;
15
218-222
-
37
Dach J L, Hill M C, Palaez J C et al.
Sonography of hypertensive portal venous system: correlation with arterial portography.
Am J Roentgenol.
1981;
137
511-517
-
38
Rector W G Jr, Campra J, Ralls P W et al.
Utility and limitations of splanchnic venous ultrasonography in diagnosis of portal hypertension.
J Clin Ultrasound.
1986;
14
689-696
-
39
Herbay von A, Frieling T, Haussinger D.
Color Doppler sonographic evaluation of spontaneous portosystemic shunts and inversion of portal venous flow in patients with cirrhosis.
J Clin Ultrasound.
2000;
28
332-339
-
40
Berzigotti A, Rossi V, Tiani C et al.
Prognostic value of a single HVPG measurement and Doppler-ultrasound evaluation in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension.
J Gastroenterol.
2011;
46
687-695
-
41
Subramanyam B R, Balthazar E J, Madamba M R et al.
Sonography of portosystemic venous collaterals in portal hypertension.
Radiology.
1983;
146
161-166
-
42
Mejias M, Garcia-Pras E, Gallego J et al.
Relevance of the mTOR signaling pathway in the pathophysiology of splenomegaly in rats with chronic portal hypertension.
J Hepatol.
2010;
52
529-539
-
43
Ditchfield M R, Gibson R N, Donlan J D et al.
Duplex Doppler ultrasound signs of portal hypertension: relative diagnostic value of examination of paraumbilical vein, portal vein and spleen.
Australas Radiol.
1992;
36
102-105
-
44
Gibson P R, Gibson R N, Ditchfield M R et al.
Splenomegaly – an insensitive sign of portal hypertension.
Aust N Z J Med.
1990;
20
771-774
-
45
Bolondi L, Zironi G, Gaiani S et al.
Caliber of splenic and hepatic arteries and spleen size in cirrhosis of different etiology.
Liver.
1991;
11
198-205
-
46
Piscaglia F, Donati G, Cecilioni L et al.
Influence of the spleen on portal haemodynamics: a non-invasive study with Doppler ultrasound in chronic liver disease and haematological disorders.
Scand J Gastroenterol.
2002;
37
1220-1227
-
47
Chalasani N, Imperiale T F, Ismail A et al.
Predictors of large esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis see comments.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1999;
94
3285-3291
-
48
Thomopoulos K C, Labropoulou-Karatza C, Mimidis K P et al.
Non-invasive predictors of the presence of large oesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis.
Dig Liver Dis.
2003;
35
473-478
-
49
Watanabe H, Shinzawa H, Saito T et al.
Successful emergency treatment with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for life-threatening Budd-Chiari syndrome with portal thrombotic obstruction.
Hepatogastroenterology.
2000;
47
839-841
-
50
Medhat A, Iber F L, Dunne M et al.
Ultrasonographic findings with bleeding and nonbleeding esophageal varices.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1988;
83
58-63
-
51
Schepis F, Camma C, Niceforo D et al.
Which patients with cirrhosis should undergo endoscopic screening for esophageal varices detection?.
Hepatology.
2001;
33
333-338
-
52
Berzigotti A, Gilabert R, Abraldes J G et al.
Noninvasive prediction of clinically significant portal hypertension and esophageal varices in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis.
Am J Gastroenterol.
2008;
103
1159-1167
-
53
Cottone M, D’Amico G, Maringhini A et al.
Predictive value of ultrasonography in the screening of non-ascitic cirrhotic patients with large varices.
J Ultrasound Med.
1986;
5
189-192
-
54
Bolondi L, Gandolfi L, Arienti V et al.
Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of portal hypertension: diminished response of portal vessels to respiration.
Radiology.
1982;
142
167-172
-
55
Gaiani S, Bolondi L, Li B S et al.
Prevalence of spontaneous hepatofugal portal flow in liver cirrhosis. Clinical and endoscopic correlation in 228 patients.
Gastroenterology.
1991;
100
160-167
-
56
Bolondi L, Gaiani S, Barbara L.
Accuracy and reproducibility of portal flow measurement by Doppler US.
J Hepatol.
1991;
13
269-273
-
57
Zoli M, Marchesini G, Cordiani M R et al.
Echo-Doppler measurement of splanchnic blood flow in control and cirrhotic subjects.
J Clin Ultrasound.
1986;
14
429-435
-
58
Bolognesi M, Sacerdoti D, Merkel C et al.
Relationship between portal blood flow measured by image-directed Doppler ultrasonography and hepatic blood flow measured by indocyanine green constant infusion in patients with cirrhosis.
J Clin Ultrasound.
1995;
23
297-303
-
59
Moriyasu F, Nishida O, Ban N et al.
„Congestion index“ of the portal vein.
Am J Roentgenol.
1986;
146
735-739
-
60
Bolondi L, Li B S, Gaiani S et al.
Liver cirrhosis: changes of Doppler waveform of hepatic veins.
Radiology.
1991;
178
513-516
-
61
Kim M Y, Baik S K, Park D H et al.
Damping index of Doppler hepatic vein waveform to assess the severity of portal hypertension and response to propranolol in liver cirrhosis: a prospective nonrandomized study.
Liver Int.
2007;
27
1103-1110
-
62
Piscaglia F, Gaiani S, Gramantieri L et al.
Superior mesenteric artery impedance in chronic liver diseases: relationship with disease severity and portal circulation.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1998;
93
1925-1930
-
63
Taourel P, Blanc P, Dauzat M et al.
Doppler study of mesenteric, hepatic, and portal circulation in alcoholic cirrhosis: relationship between quantitative Doppler measurements and the severity of portal hypertension and hepatic failure.
Hepatology.
1998;
28
932-936
-
64
Platt J F, Ellis J H, Rubin J M et al.
Renal duplex Doppler ultrasonography: a noninvasive predictor of kidney dysfunction and hepatorenal failure in liver disease.
Hepatology.
1994;
20
362-369
-
65
Berzigotti A, Casadei A, Magalotti D et al.
Renovascular impedance correlates with portal pressure in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Radiology.
2006;
240
581-586
-
66
Sacerdoti D, Merkel C, Bolognesi M et al.
Hepatic arterial resistance in cirrhosis with and without portal vein thrombosis: relationships with portal hemodynamics.
Gastroenterology.
1995;
108
1152-1158
-
67
Iwao T, Toyonaga A, Oho K et al.
Value of Doppler ultrasound parameters of portal vein and hepatic artery in the diagnosis of cirrhosis and portal hypertension.
Am J Gastroenterol.
1997;
92
1012-1017
-
68
Bolognesi M, Sacerdoti D, Merkel C et al.
Noninvasive grading of the severity of portal hypertension in cirrhotic patients by echo-color-Doppler.
Ultrasound Med Biol.
2001;
27
901-907
-
69
Piscaglia F, Donati G, Serra C et al.
Value of splanchnic Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of portal hypertension.
Ultrasound Med Biol.
2001;
27
893-899
-
70
Zironi G, Gaiani S, Fenyves D et al.
Value of measurement of mean portal flow velocity by Doppler flowmetry in the diagnosis of portal hypertension.
J Hepatol.
1992;
16
298-303
-
71
Haag K, Rossle M, Ochs A et al.
Correlation of duplex sonography findings and portal pressure in 375 patients with portal hypertension.
Am J Roentgenol.
1999;
172
631-635
-
72
Zoli M, Dondi C, Marchesini G et al.
Splanchnic vein measurements in patients with liver cirrhosis: a case-control study.
J Ultrasound Med.
1985;
4
641-646
-
73
Goyal A K, Pokharna D S, Sharma S K.
Ultrasonic measurements of portal vasculature in diagnosis of portal hypertension. A controversial subject reviewed.
J Ultrasound Med.
1990;
9
45-48
-
74
Vizzutti F, Arena U, Rega L et al.
Performance of Doppler ultrasound in the prediction of severe portal hypertension in hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease.
Liver Int.
2007;
27
1379-1388
Dr. Annalisa Berzigotti
M.D., Ph. D., Abdominal Imaging Section, Centre Diagnostic per la Imatge (CDIC), Hospital Clinic i Provincial
c/Villarroel 170
08036 Barcelona
Spain
Email: aberzigo@clinic.ub.es