Key words
urinary incontinence - gynaecology - post-menopause
Schlüsselwörter
Harninkontinenz - Gynäkologie - Postmenopause
Case History and Findings
Case History and Findings
An 83-year-old woman presented with subjective urge symptoms, persistent urinary incontinence and additionally for the past 3 months faecal incontinence when under stress. For the past 2 years the urinary incontinence took the form of urge incontinence. Oestrogenisation and therapy with various anticholinergic agents had not shown any effects as yet. A urodynamic examination revealed a motoric urge, a urethral pressure profile without continence zone and a limited bladder capacity of 110 mL.
The diagnosis of mixed urinary incontinence was made and a diagnostic cystoscopy was performed with hypodistension of the urinary bladder as well as intravesical injection of 100 IU botulinum toxin. In addition, therapy with oral Yentreve 1 × 20 mg per day was initiated, increasing to 2 × 40 mg in the further course.
Course und Therapy
Ten months later with continuing urinary and faecal incontinence and considerable psychological stress, the patient was referred to a neurologist. For about one year there had been a progressive gait disturbance with a small-step and wide-based gait, also in the previous months a memory disorder with deterioration of the short-term memory became apparent.
Computed tomography revealed a markedly extended ventricle system in the sense of normal pressure hydrocephalus. Performance of a spinal tap test was unsuccessful due to the known Bekhterevʼs disease. On the basis of the presence of the typical Hakim triad and radiological signs for NPH, the decision was made to implant a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt system with a Medos-Hakim pressure valve. A marked improvement of gait was already apparent just a few days after shunt implantation. Three months after shunt implantation the patient was continent and, with the exception of slight gait unsteadiness, able to walk without any aids.
Epidemiology
Normal pressure hydrocephalus occurs more frequently in the 6th and 7th decades of life, the gender distribution is almost exactly balanced. The exact prevalence of NPH is not clear, estimates vary between from 0.003 % of under 65-year-olds and 0.2–2.9 % of over 65-year-olds [1], [2], [3]. A very large grey zone is assumed for the disease.
Definition
An NPH is present when the amount of CSF is increased while CSF pressure is usually within the normal range. However, the term normal pressure hydrocephalus is misleading as there are temporary pressure increases with nocturnal peaks. The aetiology of NPH is not completely clarified; a resorption disorder and misbalance between CSF production and resorption are assumed. The increase of the amount of CSF leads to the characteristic ventricle distension and periventricular oedema formation which, in turn, cause a functional reduction in perfusion [4].
Causes
A distinction is made between primary idiopathic and secondary NPH, which are about equally prevalent. Causes of secondary NPH are, for example, subarachnoid haemorrhage, trauma, infection or tumour disease [5].
Clinical Picture
The typical Hakimʼs triad is predominant: gait disturbance, dementia, and urinary incontinence. The gait disturbance features a broad-based, small-step, magnetic gait with the feet turning outwards, resembling that of patients with Parkinsonʼs disease [6]. The memory disorders mainly involve a deterioration of the short-term memory; frequently the patientʼs executive functions are impaired [1]. Urinary incontinence occurs in about 45–90 % of NPH patients. There is mostly a neurogenic disturbance of micturation, especially as the way to the toilet is more difficult due to the presence of the gait disturbance [4]. In the further course a functional disorder of the frontal lobe prevents recognition of the urinary urge. The bladder disorders in NPH are the result of a hyperactive detrusor muscle due to reduced or absent central inhibition. At first the patient suffers from an increased micturition
frequency. In the further course, urge incontinence usually follows and can progress to an absolute urinary incontinence. Faecal incontinence usually only occurs in the advanced stages [1]. The presence of 2 of the 3 criteria is necessary to make the diagnosis, the gait disturbance is considered as obligatory. Diseases such as Parkinsonʼs disease, Alzheimerʼs disease, vascular dementia or Lewy body disease are some of the differential diagnoses.
Diagnostics
A cranial CT or MRI should be performed in order to demonstrate the typical ventricular enlargements. In the so-called spinal-tap test 30–50 mL of CSF are removed which, in the case of NPH, leads to a temporary improvement of the symptoms. A long-term CSF puncture with pressure measurement or intracranial pressure measurements are also possible [7].
Therapy
As therapy for NPH a shunt is inserted for long-term CSF drainage. In most cases, ventriculo-peritoneal shunts are used; ventriculo-atrial shunts represent an alternative. Over- or underdrainage can be avoided by means of programmable pressure valves. For multimorbid, inoperable patients intermittent therapeutic CSF punctures can be performed as an alternative.
Prognosis
The success rates of shunt operations are high; a subjective improvement of the complaints is seen postoperatively in about 96 % of the patients. In 83 % of the patients an improvement of the gait disturbance can be seen after 6 months. An improvement in urinary incontinence occurs in 50–90 %. It must be emphasised here that early treatment leads to high success rates [1], [8], [9].
Conclusion for Practitioners
Conclusion for Practitioners
In the urogynaecological examination of female patients with urinary incontinence, especially elderly multimorbid patients, the clinical entity normal pressure hydrocephalus is often not taken into account.
When the patient exhibits a gait disturbance on the way to the examination chair, the possibility of NPH should be considered and the patient questioned about a temporal relationship between the symptoms. An early diagnosis of the problem can spare the patient from a long period of suffering and possibly irreversible pressure damage to the brain.
