Self-Assessment Questions

This section provides a review. Mark each statement on the Answer Sheet according to the factual materials contained in this issue and the opinions of the authors.

Article One (pp. 67–73)

1. As the name implies, the primary measurement unit in individual differences research is

   • the group

   • the individual

   • both A and C

   • none of the above

2. At a minimum, in individual differences research, the dependent measures studied must be

   • reliable

   • brief

   • available in multiple forms

   • all of the above

3. Ideally, the test-retest correlation (r) for a given dependent measure used in individual differences research should be at least

   • 0.6

   • 0.7

   • 0.8

   • 0.9

4. If the test-retest correlation is 0.8 for a given test, the maximum percentage of the total variance in performance on that test that could be explained by other variables would be

   • 20%

   • 48%

   • 64%

   • 80%

5. When conducting individual differences research, it is best to do which of the following to the order of experimental conditions for each participant in the study?

   • Randomize

   • Counterbalance

   • Fix or keep constant

   • Reverse order for every other person

   Article Two (pp. 74–85)

6. Two tokens of a consonant will have

   • no noise robustness or confusion group differences

   • differences in noise robustness

   • differences in confusion groups

   • any of the above

   • always B and C

7. In this article, we show that hearingimpaired noise robustness differences are related to

   • size of the confusion group

   • intensity of the consonant cue region

   • talker gender

   • age of the hearing-impaired listener

8. If listeners have the same average consonant error, then one can assume that they also have the same

   • pure tone thresholds

   • individual consonant errors

   • both of the above

   • none of the above

9. Error patterns within a listener appear to be

   • different between ears

   • similar between ears

   • a function of gender

   • none of the above

10. Consonants comprise what percentage of English language conversation?

    • 18%

    • 58.5%

    • 97.3%

    • 7%

    Article Three (pp. 86–109)

11. The class of speech sounds most likely to show benefit with frequency lowering are

    • vowels

    • nasals

    • liquids

    • fricatives

12. The class of speech sounds least likely to show benefit with frequency lowering are

    • vowels

    • stops

    • affricates

    • fricatives

13. The frequency region where information is moved to is

    • below the start frequency for both linear frequency transposition and nonlinear frequency compression

    • below the start frequency for linear frequency transposition and above it for nonlinear frequency compression

    • above the start frequency for linear frequency transposition and below it for nonlinear frequency compression

    • above the start frequency for both linear frequency transposition and nonlinear frequency compression

14. What should one look for when verifying output with frequencylowering hearing aids?

    • That the lowered signal is moved to the lowest frequency possible

    • That the lowered signal is inaudible and the output bandwidth is as small as much as possible

    • That the lowered signal is audible and the output bandwidth is not substantially reduced by the algorithm

    • None of the above

15. Which scenario is predicted to generate the most benefit with frequency lowering?

    • Adults listening to low-context speech

    • Adults listening to high-context speech

    • Children listening to low-context speech

    • Children listening to high-context speech

    Article Four (pp. 110–117)

16. Adaptive directional microphones have most often shown advantage over fixed directional microphones in presence of

    • near-field noise fields

    • far-field noise fields

    • early reflections

    • late reflections

    • none of the above

17. In this article, we showed consistent benefit of

    • only fixed directional microphones

    • only adaptive directional microphones

    • neither fixed or adaptive directional microphones

    • both fixed and adaptive directional microphones

18. Individual performance in this study illustrated which of the following?

    • A constrained range of performance that agreed closely with the group mean

    • A wide range of variability with several individuals clearly illustrating the bounds of high and low performance

    • A clear trend for all participants to perform at high levels

    • All of the above

19. In the absence of a normally distributed data set, which kind of approach to statistical analysis was selected?

    • Parametric

    • Nonparametric

    • Regressive

    • Bayesian

20. A box plot will often illustrate which of the following?

    • Minimum, lower quartile, median, upper quartile, maximum

    • Standard deviation and mean

    • Standard error and median

    • Individual data

    Article Five (pp. 118–127)

21. Acceptable noise level (ANL) test repeatability was shown to be

    • low

    • moderate

    • high

    • very high

22. With methods chosen to maximize repeatability, intersubject variability on the ANL test was

    • low

    • moderate

    • high

    • very high

23. Given the intersubject variability demonstrated in numerous studies of the ANL

    • the ANL should be very sensitive to differences between subject groups

    • the ANL should not be very sensitive to differences between subject groups

    • the ANL should only be used as an intrasubject measure of hearing

    • absolute ANL values are easy to compare across studies

24. The ANL is used to assess an individual's

    • Acceptable noise level

    • Need for amplification

    • Willingness to wear hearing aids full time

    • Annoyance normative level

25. In previous investigations, ANL values for individuals

    • Differ widely across subjects

    • Are similar across subject

    • Have not been evaluated

    • Are very time consuming to collect

    Article Six (pp. 128–140)

26. The meta-analysis conducted by Chisolm and Arnold on the auditory training literature suggested that the effect size associated with the benefit from such training was

    • negligible

    • small

    • moderate

    • large

27. The meta-analysis conducted by Chisolm and Arnold on the counselingbased group audiologic rehabilitation literature suggested that the effect size associated with the benefit from such training was

    • negligible

    • small

    • moderate

    • large

28. The factor that appears to most consistently predict postintervention outcome is

    • degree of hearing loss

    • age

    • gender

    • baseline performance

29. A critical component associated with the Progressive Audiologic Rehabilitation model is

    • pure tone thresholds

    • patient-identified goals

    • speech-in-noise scores

    • auditory processing disorders test results

30. A progressive intervention approach has previously been described for what type of disorder?

    • Dizziness

    • Unilateral deafness

    • Tinnitus

    • Otalgia