Keywords
calcification - cerebellopontine angle - choroid plexus papilloma - hydrocephalus
Introduction
Choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) is a rare benign tumor accounting for 0.5% of all intracranial tumors that is more common in childhood, consisting of 1.5 to 6.4% of pediatric intracranial tumors.[1]
[2] The majority of CPPs occur during the first 2 years of life, with 12.5 to 20% (10 to 12%) reported in infants under 1 year of age.[1]
[3] There have been some reports of “calcified CPP,” “CPP in an adult,” “CPP in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA),” and “atypical form of CPP.”[4]
[5]
[6]
[7] However, a case combining with these four features—adult, dense calcification, atypical form, and CPA—is considered to be extremely rare; such a case has never been encountered among the 8,540 skull base tumors on which the senior author (T.F.) has operated in the past 20 years. We report an adult case of densely calcified, atypical CPP originated from the CPA without connection to the forth ventricle. Each feature of the CPP was discussed.
Case Report
A 41-year-old man presented with a chief complaint of headache, dizziness, and difficulty with gait that had been gradually worsening for 8 months. His medical and family history was unremarkable. Neurological examination revealed blurred vision, nystagmus with lateral gaze, and mild right facial weakness. Intermittent difficulty with balance and gait were also present; however, no motor weakness was observed. Computed tomography (CT) of the head without contrast revealed a high-density multilobular mass in the right CPA causing mass effect and slight ventricular enlargement ([Fig. 1]). There was no evidence of adjacent bony erosion. Magnetic resonance (MR) images demonstrated a trilobed solid mass that measured 4.1 cm in maximum diameter ([Fig. 2]). The mass was extra-axial in location and revealed isointensity on both T1-weighted images (T1-WI) and T2-weighted images (T2-WI). Homogeneous intense enhancement was identified. There was no significant flow void seen within the mass. CT and MR images did not reveal any connection between the tumor and the fourth ventricle. Gross total removal via a right lateral suboccipital approach was performed. The surface of the tumor was roughly irregular and looked grayish pink. Since the tumor was friable, gelatinous, vascular, and adherent to surrounding structures, it was hard to separate from cranial nerves. Cranial nerves VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X were enveloped in the tumor mass, which included calcification. No attachment to the clival dura was observed. Pathology reported an atypical CPP. Postoperatively the patient was alert and oriented. Language was fluent. However, slight lower cranial nerve palsies, including dysphagia, had been observed. The patient was discharged after recovery from the dysphagia by appropriate rehabilitation.
Fig. 1 Computed tomography without contrast revealed a high-density multilobular mass in the right cerebellopontine angle. There was no evidence of adjacent bony erosion.
Fig. 2 Magnetic resonance images demonstrated a trilobed solid mass that was in an extra-axial location. The tumor revealed isointensity on both T1-weighted images (upper left) and T2-weighted images (upper right). Homogeneous intense enhancement was identified (axial in lower left, sagittal in lower right). There was no significant flow void seen within the mass.
Discussion
CPP reported in this article primarily occurred in the CPA with close proximity to the foramen of Luschka lacking continuity of the fourth ventricle. The majority of choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) originate in the ventricular system, 43 to 67% in the lateral ventricle, 24 to 39% in the fourth ventricle, and 9.5 to 11% in the third ventricle, respectively.[8]
[9] The common site of origin differs in each pediatric and adult group. In the pediatric age group, 60 to 80% of such tumors occur in the lateral ventricle, especially in the trigone, because the vascular stalk of the choroid plexus in the lateral ventricle is usually attached to the inferior portion of the trigone. On the other hand, most CPP in adults occurs within the fourth ventricle.[9]
[10]
[11] A small number of the tumors have been reported to be located in extraventricular regions, the CPA, or the cerebellar hemisphere or the suprasellar cistern.[8]
[10]
[12] CPP within the CPA was first described by Cushing in 1917.[13] To date, CPP within the CPA has been reported in 7 to 9% of all CPTs and is most exclusively found in adults.[9]
[11]
[14]
[15] It is divided into two categories according to the origin of the tumor; one is primary extraventricular CPTs and the other is a result of a direct extension of fourth ventricular tumors through the foramen of Luschka.[15] Because the tumor of our case revealed no connection from the fourth ventricle, it is considered to originate from small choroid tufts that normally project from each recess at the foramen Luschka into the CPA or from ectopic choroidal islets “unconnected” with the choroid plexus.[16]
The CPP of our case indicated dense calcification with ventricular enlargement. The bulbous tufts extended from the fourth ventricular choroid plexus through the foramen of Luschka have been known as the Bochdalek flower basket, which could be identified in 75% on CT and 96% on MR imaging.[17] Calcification of the region was found in 38% on normal imaging anatomy.[17] In pathological states, calcification of CPP was reported in 4.1% on plain skull radiographs and 23.8% on CT examinations in patients of all ages.[8]
[9] The feature of the calcification was commonly described as a stippled or patchy configuration that may include some degrees of hemorrhage.[8]
[9]
[10] Dense calcification was exceptionally reported by Sarkar et al.[2] The rate of hydrocephalus in association with CPP is 90% and the rate increases up to 100% in malignant CPPs.[8] The cause of hydrocephalus was considered a combination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) overproduction (four to five times that in healthy persons), obstruction of CSF pathways by the tumor mass, impaired CSF absorption, increased protein content of CSF around the tumor, subarachnoid scarring or granulations related to recurrent bleeding from the tumor, elevated intraventricular pulse pressure, and adhesions around the exit foramina of the fourth ventricle caused by highly proteinaceous or hemorrhagic CSF.[2]
[10]
[18] The finding of tumor calcification in the CPA generally required consideration of differential diagnosis with papillary or psammomatous meningioma, melanotic schwannoma, and myxopapillary ependymoma. Among these tumors, association of ventricular enlargement with the finding of calcification might suggest the possible presence of CPTs.
Gross total removal was performed in our case of atypical CPP, although the tumor adhered to adjacent structures. In the 2007 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System, CPTs are classified into CPP as grade I, atypical CPP as grade II, and choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) as grade III. Among CPTs, the atypical CPP occupied in the rate of 37%. Total removal of CPTs is recommended and seems to be feasible since a significant prognostic factor was relevant to the extent of tumor removal, and no definitive evidence of the beneficial effect of radiotherapy has been reported[6]
[18]
[19]
[20]. However, it is not always possible because of tumor bleeding and firm adhesion to adjacent structures, especially cranial nerves. The rate of complete resection of benign CPP was 80% and the 5-year survival rate indicated is nearly 100%. The majority of survivors are neurologically intact.[19] Because of the good prognosis, the preservation of cranial nerve functions should be primarily considered in surgery for benign CPP. As for the atypical CPP, the rate of total removal was decreased to 50 from 63%.[11]
[21] Atypical CPP showed a recurrence rate of 29%, which was much higher than the 6% seen in CPP. In addition, seeding within the central nervous system, spontaneous pulmonary metastasis, or rapid regrowth of atypical CPP were also reported.[7]
[22]
[23] Total or gross total removal should be advocated, especially in malignant CPTs even though the tumor encases the cranial nerves. Advertent follow-up is warranted for atypical CPP.
Conclusion
We reported an adult patient who had densely calcified atypical CPP in the CPA. The finding of calcification in the CPA should suggest the possible presence of CPP, especially if ventricular enlargement is present.
