Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1353212
Plasma Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Response to Downhill Running in Humans
Publication History
accepted after revision 17 July 2013
Publication Date:
18 September 2013 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/sportsmed/201405/lookinside/thumbnails/10.1055-s-0033-1353212-1.jpg)
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 is a proteolytic enzyme capable of degrading proteins of the muscle extracellular matrix. Systemic levels of MMP-9 or its inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), have the potential to serve as blood markers of exercise-induced muscle damage. The purpose of this study was to determine if an eccentrically-dominated task, downhill running (DHR), produces changes in plasma MMP-9 or TIMP-1 and examine the relationship between MMP-9/TIMP-1 levels and indirect indicators of muscle damage. Subjects were sedentary (SED, n=12) or had a history of concentrically-biased training (CON, n=9). MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were measured before (Pre-Ex), immediately after (Post-Ex), and 1-, 2-, 4-, and 7-days post-DHR (−10°), and compared to discomfort ratings, creatine kinase activity and strength loss. At 1-day Post-Ex, discomfort increased (5.6±7.8 to 45.5±19.9 mm; 0–100 mm scale), strength decreased (−6.9±1.6%) and CK increased (162.9±177.2%). MMP-9 was modestly but significantly increased at Post-Ex in both CONC and SED (32.7±33.6%) and at 4-days in SED (66.9±88.1%), Individual responses were variable, however. There were no correlations between MMPs and discomfort ratings, plasma CK or strength. While plasma MMP-9 changes may be detectable in the systemic circulation after DHR, they are small and do not correspond to other markers of damage.
-
References
- 1 Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1982; 14: 377-381
- 2 Byrnes WC, Clarkson PM, White JS, Hsieh SS, Frykman PN, Maughan RJ. Delayed onsent muscle soreness following repeated bouts of downhill running. J Appl Physiol 1985; 59: 710-715
- 3 Chen X, Li Y. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in skeletal muscle: Migration, differentiation, regeneration and fibrosis. Cell Adh Migr 2009; 3: 337-341
- 4 Choi YC, Dalakas MC. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases in the muscle of patients with inflammatory myopathies. Neurology 2000; 54: 65-71
- 5 Clarkson PM, Hubal MJ. Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2002; 81: S52-S69
- 6 Clarkson PM, Nosaka K, Braun B. Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24: 512-520
- 7 Demestre M, Parkin-Smith G, Petzold A, Pullen AH. The pro and active form of matrix metalloproteinase-9 is increased in serum of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 159: 146-154
- 8 Gleeson N, Eston R, Marginson V, McHugh M. Effects of prior concentric training on eccentric exercise induced muscle damage. Br J Sports Med 2003; 37: 119-125
- 9 Guérin CW, Holland PC. Synthesis and secretion of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases by human skeletal muscle satellite cells. Dev Dyn 1995; 202: 91-99
- 10 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Update – Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32: 819-821
- 11 Jung K, Lein M, Laube C, Lichtinghagen R. Blood specimen collection methods influence the concentration and diagnostic validity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in blood. Clin Chim Acta 2001; 314: 241-244
- 12 Kherif S, Lafuma C, Dehaupas M, Lachkar S, Fournier JG, Verdière-Sahuqué M, Fardeau M, Alameddine HS. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 in regenerating skeletal muscle: a study in experimentally injured and mdx muscles. Dev Biol 1999; 205: 158-170
- 13 Kieseier BC, Schneider C, Clements JM, Gearing AJ, Gold R, Toyka KV, Hartung HP. Expresion of specific matrix metalloproteinases in inflammatory myopathies. Brain 2001; 124: 341-351
- 14 Komulainen J, Kytola J, Vihko VV. Running-induced muscle injury and myocellular enzyme release in rats. J Appl Physiol 1994; 77: 2299-2304
- 15 Koskinen SO, Ahtikoski A, Komulainen J, Hesselink M, Drost M, Takala T. Short-term effects of forced eccentric contractions on collagen synthesis and degradation in rat skeletal muscle. Pflugers Arch 2002; 44: 59-72
- 16 Koskinen SO, Hoyhtya M, Turpeenniemi-Hujanen T, Martikkala V, Mäkinen TT, Oksa J, Rintamäki H, Löfberg M, Somer H, Takala TE. Serum concentrations of collagen degrading enzymes and their inhibitors after downhill running. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2001; 11: 9-15
- 17 Koskinen SO, Wang W, Ahtikoski AM, Kjaer M, Han XY, Komulainen J, Kovanen V, Takala TE. Acute exercise induced changes in rat skeletal muscle mRNAs and proteins regulating type IV collagen content. Am J Physiol 2001; 280: R1292-R1300
- 18 Kriska AM, Knowler WC, LaPorte RE, Drash AL, Wing RR, Blair SN, Bennett PH, Kuller LH. Development of questionnaire to examine relationship of physical activity and diabetes in Pima Indians. Diabetes Care 1990; 13: 401-411
- 19 MacIntyre DL, Reid WD, Lyster DM, McKenzie DC. Different effects of strenuous eccentric exercise on the accumulation of neutrophils in muscle in women and men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000; 81: 47-53
- 20 Mackey A, Donnelly A, Turpeenniemi-Hujanen T, Roper H. Skeletal muscle collagen content in humans after high-force eccentric contractions. J Appl Physiol 2004; 97: 197-203
- 21 Madden MC, Byrnes WC, Lebin JA, Batliner ME, Allen DL. Plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 response to eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111: 1795-1805
- 22 Nishimura T, Nakamura K, Kishioka Y, Kato-Mori Y, Wakamatsu J-I, Hattori A. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases suppresses the migration of skeletal muscle cells. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2008; 29: 37-44
- 23 Nosaka K, Newton M. Concentric or eccentric training effect on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: 63-69
- 24 Ploutz-Snyder LL, Tesch PA, Dudley GA. Increased vulnerability to eccentric exercise-induced dysfunction and muscle injury after concentric training. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998; 79: 58-61
- 25 Reichel C, Rehberg M, Bihari P, Moser C, Linder S, Khandoga A, Krombach F. Gelatinases mediate neutrophil recruitment in vivo: evidence for stimulus specificity and a critical role in collagen IV remodeling. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 83: 864-874
- 26 Rullman E, Rundqvist H, Wågsäter D, Fischer H, Eriksson P, Sundberg C, Gustafsson T. A single bout of exercise activates matrix metalloproteinases in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 2007; 102: 2346-2351
- 27 Schoser BG, Blottner D. Matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9 in denervated human muscle. Neuroreport 1999; 10: 2795-2797
- 28 Schwane JA, Johnson SR, Vandenakker CB, Armstrong RB. Delayed-onset muscular soreness and plasma CPK and LDH activities after downhill running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1983; 15: 51-56
- 29 Sorichter S, Mair J, Koller A, Gebert W, Rama D, Calzolari C, Artner-Dworzak E, Puschendorf B. Skeletal troponin I as a marker of exercise-induced muscle damage. J Appl Physiol 1997; 83: 1076-1082
- 30 Sorichter S, Puschendorf B, Mair J. Skeletal muscle injury induced by eccentric muscle action: muscle proteins as markers of muscle fiber injury. Exerc Immunol Rev 1999; 5: 5-21
- 31 Sternlicht MD, Werb Z. How matrix metalloproteinases regulate cell behavior. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2001; 17: 463-516
- 32 Tanaka H, Monahan DK, Seals DR. Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 153-156
- 33 Urso ML, Pierce JR, Alemany JA, Harman EA, Nindl BC. Effects of exercise training on the matrix metalloproteinase response to acute exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 106: 655-663
- 34 Warren GL, Lowe DA, Armstrong RB. Measurement tools used in the study of eccentric contraction-induced injury. Sports Med 1999; 27: 43-59
- 35 Westerlind KC, Byrnes WC, Mazzeo RS. A comparison of the oxygen drift in downhill vs. level running. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72: 796-800
- 36 Whitehead NP, Allen TJ, Morgan DL, Proske U. Damage to human muscle from eccentric exercise after training with concentric exercise. J Physiol (Lond) 1998; 512: 615-620
- 37 Yu J-G, Carlsson L, Thornell L-E. Evidence of myofirbril remodeling as opposed to myofibril damage in human muscles with DOMS: an ultrastructural and immunoelectron microscope study. Histochem Cell Biol 2004; 121: 219-227