Percutaneous neurolytic celiac plexus block (PNCPB) is an excellent treatment option
for patients with intractable abdominal pain due to upper abdominal malignancies or
chronic pancreatitis. In these patients, chronic refractory pain significantly decreases
quality of life and often requires high doses of narcotics, which can lead to serious
adverse side effects. PNCPB has been shown to have long-lasting improvement in abdominal
pain and decreased narcotic usage in 70 to 90% of patients.[1] In addition, with fewer than 2% of patients experiencing major complications, PNCPB
is a quick, safe procedure.[1]
The celiac plexus is a network of ganglia that relay preganglionic sympathetic and
parasympathetic efferent fibers and visceral sensory afferent fibers to the upper
abdominal viscera. The visceral sensory afferent fibers transmit nociceptive impulses
from the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, kidneys, distal esophagus,
and bowel to the level of the distal transverse colon. Located in the retroperitoneum
just inferior to the celiac trunk and along the bilateral anterolateral aspects of
the aorta, between the levels of T12–L1 disc space and L2, the celiac plexus can easily
be reached by several different approaches.[1]
[2] Most commonly, anterior or posterior approaches are chosen. In the anterior approach,
a needle is inserted through the anterior abdominal wall directly into the region
of the celiac plexus and neurolytic agent is injected into the antecrural space. Although
this approach necessitates traversing abdominal structures including bowel and liver,
this is generally inconsequential, well tolerated, and often quicker than other approaches
([Fig. 1]). Additionally, the anterior approach may be more comfortable for the patient, as
they are placed in a supine position, compared with less comfortable prone or oblique
positions used for posterior approaches. In the posterior approach, a needle is inserted
through the paraspinous musculature into the region of the celiac plexus and neurolytic
agent injected into the antecrural space. Other less common approaches include transaortic
and trans-intervertebral disc.
Figure 1 Axial noncontrast CT scan demonstrating anterior approach to PNCPB. Note the traversal
of multiple abdominal organs; although disconcerting to the eye, this anterior approach
very rarely causes any clinically significant injury to other abdominal organs.
At the authors' institution, PNCPB is performed nearly always by an anterior approach
under computed tomographic (CT) guidance. CT guidance is a safe, popular choice that
allows for excellent visualization of abdominal anatomy, preplanning, precise placement
of needles, and observation of contrast/neurolytic agent diffusion.[1] Alternatively, neurolysis of the celiac plexus can be performed under fluoroscopic
or ultrasound guidance, as well as endoscopic ultrasound guidance. Fluoroscopic guidance
allows better visualization of the region of interest than the original blind approach
first performed nearly 100 years ago; however, poor resolution of surrounding structures
including the stomach, pancreas, bowel, aorta, and spinal cord makes it a less frequently
utilized technique. Ultrasound guidance allows for direct visualization of important
vascular structures, particularly the aorta, celiac trunk, and superior mesenteric
artery. Additionally, it is cheap, simple, and allows the user to observe diffusion
of the neurolytic agent without using contrast. However, ultrasound guidance is user
dependent and its usage may be limited depending on patient body habitus. More recently,
endoscopic ultrasound-guided celiac plexus neurolysis has become an increasingly popular
and safe alternative that potentially allows for direct visualization and targeting
of the celiac ganglion.
Technical Approach
As outlined above, PNCPB can be performed in multiple ways; the following is the preferred
approach typically used by the authors.
The patient is placed supine on the CT gantry, and a preliminary CT scan of the upper
abdomen is performed without contrast. The initial scan is reviewed to confirm an
adequate route to the celiac plexus region, and to confirm the lack of direct invasion
of the celiac plexus by the underlying pathologic process. Although the procedure
may still be performed in the setting of direct tumoral invasion of the plexus, the
outcome is likely to be worse than in the setting of no direct invasion, and the patient
should be so counseled. Unless invaded by tumor, the celiac plexus itself is rarely
visualized on the initial CT scan.
An initial plan of using one or two needle approaches is made, and an appropriate
skin site is chosen. A 21- to 22-guage Chiba needle (Cook Medical, Inc., Bloomington,
IN) is advanced under intermittent CT guidance to the fat-containing space just dorsal
and caudal to the celiac axis. Although disconcerting the first several times this
procedure is performed, it is not at all uncommon to traverse liver, colon, bowel,
pancreas, etc., on the way to the celiac plexus (although, it must be said, avoiding
major blood vessels would be preferable!) ([Fig. 1]). It is important to place the needle caudal, not cephalad, to the celiac axis;
some operators (including the authors) have demonstrated improved outcomes when the
injection is made closer to the superior mesenteric artery than the celiac axis. Once
the needle is in position, an injection of 5 to 10 mL of dilute contrast (1 mL contrast:9
mL saline) is performed, and CT images obtained. Confirmation of contrast infiltrating
around the celiac axis and lateral to the aorta is desired; if no such infiltration
is noted, the needle should be repositioned in an attempt to maximize this distribution
([Fig. 2]). Contrast visualized on both sides of the aorta is preferable but not mandatory;
a lack of contrast bilaterally suggests that a second needle should be placed on the
side without the contrast dispersion in order to maximize the celiac block.
Figure 2 Axial CT scan following injection of dilute contrast around the celiac plexus. Note
the dispersion of contrast around the aorta and mesenteric vessels.
Just prior to performing the block, the patient is asked what his or her pain level
is at the moment. This baseline value, and the change imparted by the next step, is
an important determinant on whether or not the needle is in the correct position.
For this reason, the patient should be minimally sedated and have received little
to no intravenous pain medications up to this point in the procedure. The authors
prefer to perform a temporary block at this point in the procedure for two reasons.
First, the temporary block can confirm adequate needle placement; if the patient goes
from a pain level of, for instance, 5/10 to 1/10 following the temporary block, then
the needle is likely in a very good position for the PNCPB. Second, a field block
with local anesthetic decreases the amount of pain patients may feel with the PNCPB,
since the initial alcohol injection can cause significant, albeit brief, abdominal
pain.
Once correct needle position is confirmed by contrast dispersion and improved pain
with the temporary block, the patient is given a bolus of intravenous fentanyl and
versed. Absolute alcohol is injected slowly (over 2 minutes) via the Chiba needle.
Volume of the injectate varies, but typically is in the range of 10 to 40 mL. The
authors typically use 20 mL prior to repeating the CT scan. On the postprocedure CT
scan, alcohol will appear black; further injection may be dictated depending on the
results of the initial postprocedure CT. The need for a second needle placement will
also be determined by the postprocedure CT scan, based on distribution of the alcohol/dilute
contrast. If a bilateral injection is needed, the procedure is repeated for the second
needle exactly as it was performed for the first ([Fig. 3]).
Figure 3 A 68-year-old woman with direct tumoral involvement of the left celiac plexus. (A
and B) Diagnostic contrast-enhanced CT scan demonstrating direct infiltration of the
celiac plexus region by tumor (arrows). Note the severe encasement of the splenic
artery. As this is often a poor predictor of a good response, the patient was made
aware of the likely limitations to the celiac block. (C) A right-sided approach was
chosen, and a needle advanced to the region of the celiac plexus (same as Fig. 2).
(D) Contrast diffusion (arrow) covers the anticipated region of the celiac plexus.
A temporary block completely alleviated the patient's pain, so a permanent alcohol
ablation was performed with 20 mL of absolute alcohol. (E) Postablation CT scan demonstrating
contrast and alcohol diffusion (alcohol is black on the postablation CT scan). The
patient was symptom free immediately following the ablation.
Following the postprocedure CT, the patient is transferred to the postprocedural care
area for a 1- to 2-hour recovery period. The patient is observed for signs of peritonitis
and hypotension. If the patient does become hypotensive relative to their baseline
blood pressure, orthostatic pressures are obtained prior to discharging the patient.
Patient Selection
In addition to the technical approach utilized, two of the most important aspects
for a successful PNCPB are appropriate patient selection and communication. Basic
preprocedural workup should include a physical exam, complete blood cell count, coagulation
panel, and an abdominal CT to exclude relative contraindications to PNCPB including
severe coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, abdominal aortic aneurysm, local infection
or sepsis, significant direct tumoral extension into the celiac plexus, or hypotension.
Next, the extent of disease and origin of pain should be carefully evaluated to determine
the likelihood of symptomatic relief by PNCPB. Patients with diffuse or multifocal
disease are more likely to have poor results, as some areas of involvement may be
innervated by other pathways.[1] Additionally, direct tumor invasion of the celiac plexus is a known predictor of
poor outcome in PNCPB ([Fig. 3]). For patients whose source of pain is in the descending or sigmoid colon, rectum,
or other pelvic structures, celiac plexus block will be ineffective, since these areas
are innervated by the hypogastric plexus; in such cases, percutaneous hypogastric
plexus neurolysis can be performed, which is also a safe and easy procedure with minimal
side effects.
Once a patient has been selected as an appropriate candidate, it is important to thoroughly
explain the steps of the procedure (particularly those involving patient participation),
potential complications, and the expected outcome. Patients should be taught to hold
their breath during needle advancement, which is crucial to avoid injury to adjacent
structures. Another important step involving patient participation is assessing the
level of pain during the procedure when the needle is in the expected location of
the celiac plexus. Injection of local anesthetic at this point should result in decreased
pain, confirming the proper position of the needle. If the patient reports no pain
improvement, reposition of the needle may be necessary.
Patients should be warned of complications and side effects of the procedure, including
temporarily increased abdominal, back, or shoulder pain that may be expected after
the injection of the neurolytic agent. Finally, patients must understand that 100%
pain relief may not be obtained, as most patients experience only partial relief of
pain. However, some improvement in pain and quality of life, especially when combined
with other pain treatment options, can be expected. When necessary, repeated PNCPB
treatments may help reduce pain over time.
PNCPB is generally a safe procedure with rare serious complications. The most common
complaint reported by nearly all patients during the procedure is severe abdominal
or back pain that may radiate to the shoulder. This occurs due to the destruction
of nerve fibers by the neurolytic agent and generally resolves within 72 hours. The
next most common complications experienced after PNCPB include diarrhea and hypotension
(10–52%).[2] This results from unopposed parasympathetic stimulation caused by destruction of
the sympathetic fibers within the celiac plexus. Postprocedural bed rest, monitoring
of patients, and administration of intravenous fluids when necessary can relieve hypotension.
Symptomatic treatment can be provided for diarrhea, which is usually self-limiting.
Less frequent major complications have been reported in fewer than 2% of patients
and include gastric or bowel perforation, vascular injury, hematoma, and chemical
peritonitis.[1] These complications may occur from direct penetration by a needle or by chemical
inflammation from neurolytic agent, particularly if diffusion of the agent is not
controlled. The most serious potential complication is paralysis of the lower extremities,
which is extremely rare and reported to occur in fewer than 0.15% of patients.[2]
