Comparative Effectiveness of Different Types of Cervical Laminoplasty

Abstract

Study Design Systematic review.

Study Rationale Numerous cervical laminoplasty techniques have been described but there are few studies that have compared these to determine the superiority of one over another.

Clinical Questions The clinical questions include key question (KQ)1: In adults with cervical myelopathy from ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) or spondylosis, what is the comparative effectiveness of open door cervical laminoplasty versus French door cervical laminoplasty? KQ2: In adults with cervical myelopathy from OPLL or spondylosis, are postoperative complications, including pain and infection, different for the use of miniplates versus the use of no plates following laminoplasty? KQ3: Do these results vary based on early active postoperative cervical motion?

Materials and Methods A systematic review of the English-language literature was undertaken for articles published between 1970 and March 11, 2013. Electronic databases and reference lists of key articles were searched to identify studies evaluating (1) open door cervical laminoplasty and French door cervical laminoplasty and (2) the use of miniplates or no plates in cervical laminoplasty for the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy or OPLL in adults. Studies involving traumatic onset, cervical fracture, infection, deformity, or neoplasms were excluded, as were noncomparative studies. Two independent reviewers (A.L.R., J.R.D.) assessed the level of evidence quality using the Grades of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system, and disagreements were resolved by consensus.

Results We identified three studies (one of class of evidence [CoE] II and two of CoE III) meeting our inclusion criteria comparing open door cervical laminoplasty with French door laminoplasty and two studies (one CoE II and one CoE III) comparing the use of miniplates with no plates. Data from one randomized controlled trial (RCT) and two retrospective cohort studies suggest no difference between treatment groups regarding improvement in myelopathy. One RCT reported significant improvement in axial pain and significantly higher short-form 36 scores in the French door laminoplasty treatment group. Overall, complications appear to be higher in the open door group than the French door group, although complete reporting of complications was poor in all studies. Overall, data from one RCT and one retrospective cohort study suggest that the incidence of complications (including reoperation, radiculopathy, and infection) is higher in the no plate treatment group compared with the miniplate group. One RCT reported greater pain as measured by the visual analog scale score in the no plate treatment group. There was no evidence available to assess the effect of early cervical motion for open door cervical laminoplasty compared with French door laminoplasty. Both studies comparing the use of miniplates and no plates reported early postoperative motion. Evidence from one RCT suggests that earlier postoperative cervical motion might reduce pain.

Conclusion Data from three comparative studies are not sufficient to support the superiority of open door cervical laminoplasty or French door cervical laminoplasty. Data from two comparative studies are not sufficient to support the superiority of the use of miniplates or no plates following cervical laminoplasty. The overall strength of evidence to support any conclusions is low or insufficient. Thus, the debate continues while opportunity exists for the spine surgery community to resolve these issues with appropriately designed clinical studies.

Keywords

laminoplasty - cervical myelopathy - cervical spondylotic myelopathy - OPLL - open door laminoplasty - french door laminoplasty - miniplates - complications

Study Rationale and Context

The debate regarding the preferred surgical treatment option for cervical myelopathy and the relative indications for one procedure versus another is focused on three procedures at present: anterior decompression and fusion, posterior laminectomy and fusion, or laminoplasty. As the concept of laminoplasty evolved during the 1970s and 1980s, two competing schools of thought emerged; the so-called “open door” and “French door” methods.[1] [2] Discussion about the merits of one method versus the other continues, with a nearly equal prevalence of their use in Japan. Other regions of the world have tended to adopt predominantly one method, due in large part to the influence of teachers passing on the lessons of a preferred technique, rather than teaching both methods to successive generations of residents and fellows.[3] Whether there is a meaningful clinical difference between the two methods of laminoplasty is unclear. Moreover, with the recent adoption of miniplate fixation of the laminae in their new position and a shift toward early active cervical range of motion during the postoperative period, it seems prudent to investigate whether there has been some incremental benefit for patients.

Objective or Clinical Questions

KQ1: In adults with cervical myelopathy from ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) or spondylosis, what is the comparative effectiveness of open door cervical laminoplasty versus French door cervical laminoplasty?

KQ2: In adults with cervical myelopathy from OPLL or spondylosis, are postoperative complications, including pain and infection, different for the use of miniplates versus the use of no plates following laminoplasty?

KQ3: Do these results vary based on early active postoperative cervical motion?

Materials and Methods

Study design: Systematic review.

Search: The databases included PubMed, Cochrane, and National Guideline Clearinghouse Databases, as well as bibliographies of key articles.

Dates searched: The data were searched up through March 11, 2013.

Inclusion criteria: In patients aged 18 years or older with cervical myelopathy from cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) or ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL): Studies directly comparing open door cervical laminoplasty with French door cervical laminoplasty and the use of miniplates with no plates in cervical laminoplasty were included in the study.

Exclusion criteria: Studies in patients younger than 18 years, those with a cervical fracture, neoplasm, infection, or deformity; noncomparative studies, comparative studies with less than five patients per treatment group; nonhuman in vivo, in vitro, and biomechanical studies were excluded.

Outcomes: The outcome of the study was improvement in myelopathy (Japanese Orthopedic Association [JOA], Nurick scores), pain (visual analog scale [VAS], and complications.

Analysis: Descriptive statistics, means, standard deviation, and ranges were abstracted from the original reports as available. Means, standard deviation, and p values for JOA and Nurick scores were calculated from individual patient data in one study. Pooling of data was not done because of concerns regarding study quality and heterogeneity of treatments and study populations.

Overall strength of evidence: Risk of bias determined using a class of evidence (CoE) rating scheme developed by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine and modified for orthopedic surgery by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American Volume (J Bone Joint Surg Am)[4] (see online supplementary material). The overall body of evidence with respect to each key question (KQ) was determined based on modified precepts outlined by the Grades of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system.[5]

Details about the methods can be found in the online supplementary material.

Results

From a total of 291 citations retrieved, 9 citations were evaluated for full-text review, and 5 citations met the inclusion criteria for this report ([Fig. 1]). Three studies compared the use of open door cervical laminoplasty with French door cervical laminoplasty ([Table 1]): one randomized controlled trial (RCT) (CoE II)[6] and two retrospective cohort studies (CoE III).[7] [8] Two studies compared the use of miniplates with no plates in open door cervical laminoplasty ([Table 2]): one RCT (CoE II)[9] and one retrospective cohort study (CoE III).[10] The study populations comprised a mixture of mostly CSM and OPLL patients. Populations in included studies were predominantly male and middle-aged patients. Mean length of follow-up ranged from 20 to 60.1 months. All of the studies reported follow-up rates greater than 80.3%.[6] [7] [8] [9] [10]

Table 1 Studies comparing open door with French door cervical laminoplasty: characteristics of included studies

Investigator Study design CoE	Demographics[a]	Diagnosis	Open door laminoplasty[b]	French door laminoplasty	Follow-up (% followed up)	Reported outcomes	Post-op care (collar, orthosis, mobilization)
Okada et al[6] RCT CoE: II	N = 40 Age (mean): 61 y (31–79) Male: 66%	CSM (n = 21), OPLL (n = 13), or CDH (n = 1) Symptom duration (mean): NR	Expansive open door (n = 20) Treated levels: various, between C2 dome–C7	French door (n = 20) Treated levels: various, between C1–Th1 Spinous process and extensor muscles reattached	26.9 months (87.5)	Perioperative complications JOA score JOA recovery rate Axial pain (VAS) SF-36 C2–C7 angle	NR
Yue et al[7] Retrospective cohort CoE: III	N = 43 Age (mean): 57.1 y (29–77) Male: 89%	Cervical spondylosis (n = 27), OPLL (n = 4), cervical prolapsed intervetebral discs (n = 4), posttraumatic (n = 1), or spinal stenosis post Cloward procedure (n = 1) Symptom duration (mean): 5 mo (1–120)	Open door (n = 12) Most common treated levels: C3–C7	French door (n = 25) Most common treated levels: C3–C7	32.1 mo (12–60) (86)	JOA JOA recovery rate Complications	NR
Naito et al[8] Retrospective cohort CoE: III	N = 86 Age (mean): 62 y (41–77) Male: 77%	CSM (n = 48), OPLL (n = 26), traumatic lesions (n = 5), tumor/miscellaneous lesions (n = 4) Symptom duration (mean): NR	Open door (n = 35) Additional simultaneous staged anterior cervical fusion due to preexisting subluxation or instability (n = 11 for open door and Z-plasty groups) Treated levels: various, between C1–T1, most common levels C3–C6/7; ≥ 3 levels in each patient	French door with iliac bone graft spacer (n = 29) Additional simultaneous posterior fusion due to preexisting subluxation or instability (n = 13) Treated levels: various, between C1–T1, most common levels C3–C6/7; ≥ 3 levels in each patient	60.1 months (29–88) (97)	JOA recovery rate Complications	Bed rest for 1 wk, then patient allowed to stand and walk wearing Philadelphia color or Somi brace for 12–16 weeks

Abbreviations: CDH, cervical disc herniation; CoE, class of evidence; CSM, cervical spondylotic myelopathy; JOA, Japanese Orthopedic Association score; NR, not reported; OPLL, ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament; RCT, randomized controlled trial.

^a Demographics reflect the number of patients after loss to follow-up (n = 35)[6] and (n = 37),[7] or included in analysis (n = 83).[8]

^b Study also included a third intervention group, Z-plasty (n = 35).[8]

Table 2 Studies comparing the use of miniplates with no plates for cervical laminoplasty: characteristics of included studies

Investigator (y) Study design CoE	Demographics[a]	Diagnosis	Laminoplasty with miniplates	Laminoplasty with no plates	Follow-up (% followed up)	Reported outcomes	Post-op care (collar, orthosis, and mobilization)
Wang et al[9] RCT CoE: II	N = 49 Age (mean): 60.0 y (36–76) Male: 63%	CSM (n = 28), OPLL (n = 9), or CDH (n = 12) Symptom duration (mean): NR	Open door with titanium miniplates (n = 25) Treated levels: C3–C7 Number of plates used: five per patient	Open door with sutures (n = 24) Treated levels: C3–C7	21.2 ± 2.1 mo (98)	Complications JOA axial pain (VAS) SF-36 C2–C7 angle	Patients with plates: collar worn for 2 weeks, then gradual mobilization in flexion-extension, rotation, and side bending Patients with no plates: collar worn for 6 weeks, then gradual mobilization
Jiang et al[10] Retrospective cohort CoE: III	N = 61 Age (mean): 58 y (41–81) Male: 66%	CSM with multilevel spinal stenosis (n = 34) or OPLL (n = 27) Symptom duration (mean): NR	Open door with titanium miniplates (n = 38) Treated levels: C3–C7 Number of plates used (number of patients): 2 plates (n = 6), 3 plates (n = 27), 4 plates (n = 3), and 5 plates (n = 2)	Open door with sutures (n = 21) Treated levels: C3–C7	20 months (13–39) (80.3)	JOA Spinal canal expansion Axial symptoms Cervical spine ROM Complications, including hardware failure	Patients allowed to sit up or walk between 3 and 5 days postoperative Cervical brace worn for 3 months

Abbreviations: CDH, cervical disc herniation; CoE, class of evidence; CSM, cervical spondylotic myelopathy; JOA, Japanese Orthopedic Association score; NR, not reported; OPLL, ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SF-36, short form 36 health survey questionnaire; VAS, visual analog scale.

^a Demographics reflect the number of patients after loss to follow-up (n = 49).[9]

Fig. 1 Flowchart showing results of literature search.

Further details on the CoE rating for these studies can be found in the online supplementary material.

Comparative Effectiveness of Open Door versus French Door Cervical Laminoplasty

Improvement in Myelopathy

One RCT and two retrospective cohort studies assessed neurologic improvement as measured by JOA scores or JOA recovery rate. All three studies found no significant difference between open door cervical laminoplasty and French door cervical laminoplasty treatment groups at follow-up regarding improvement in myelopathy as measured by either of these measures (see Table 1 in online supplementary material).[6] [7] [8]

• Okada et al[6] measured neurologic improvement using JOA scores and JOA recovery rates. This study reported that there were no significant differences between treatment groups at 26.9 months using either measure.

• Naito et al[8] used the JOA recovery rate to measure change in myelopathy severity. At 60.1 months, 73% of open door patients and 79% of French door patients showed excellent or good JOA recovery rates (p = not reported [NR]).

• Yue et al [7] calculated maximum and final gain in JOA scores, as well as the patients' maximum and final recovery rates. There was no significant difference between the open door and French door groups at follow-up.

Pain Measured by VAS

One study reported a significant improvement in pain in French door patients compared with open door patients at follow-up.

• One RCT (Okada et al)[6] reported that French door patients showed significantly less axial pain compared with open door patients (p < 0.05) at 26.9 months. Although the patients in the French door treatment group experienced less pain at follow-up, open door patients experienced worse pain at follow-up (see Table 1 in online supplementary material).

Health care–Related Quality of Life Measured by SF-36

One study reported a better health care–related quality of life in French door patients compared with open door patients at follow-up.

• One RCT[6] reported that all eight subscales of the short form 36 (SF-36) were equivalent preoperatively. At mean follow-up of 26.9 months, there was significantly greater improvement in the scores for bodily pain, general health, vitality, and mental health in the French door treatment group (p < 0.05) (see Table 1 in online supplementary material).

Complications

Overall, the incidence of complications appears to be higher in the open door laminoplasty treatment group compared with the French door group ([Table 3]). Only one study reported overall incidence of complications, with 67% in the open door laminoplasty group versus 16% in the French door group (p = NR).[7]

Table 3 Studies comparing open door with French door cervical laminoplasty: postoperative complication rates

	Open door, %	French door, %
Reoperation (causes)[a]
Okada et al[6]	6 (1/17) Cause: spinal canal restenosis (n = 1)	0 (0/18)
Yue et al[7]	NR	4 (1/25) Cause: dural tear
C7 radiculopathy
Okada et al[6]	12 (2/17)	NR
Shoulder numbness/pain
Okada et al[6]	12 (2/17)	NR
C5 palsy (transient)
Okada et al[6]	6 (1/17)	NR
Hemiparesis (transient)
Okada et al[6]	6 (1/17)	NR
Wound infection (superficial)
Okada et al[6]	6 (1/17)	NR
CSF leakage/dural tear (intraoperative)
Okada et al[6]	NR	6 (1/18)
Yue et al[7]	NR	4 (1/25)
Naito et al[8]	3 (1/35)	NR
Bleeding
Okada et al[6]	12 (2/17)	NR
Yue et al[7] [b]	8 (1/12)	NR
Misrecognition of surgical level
Okada et al[6]	NR	6 (1/18)
Restenosis
Okada et al[6]	6 (1/17)	0 (0/18)
Right facet fracture (C7/Th1)
Okada et al[6]	6 (1/17)	NR

Abbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; NR: not reported.

^a Study reports additional surgery on four patients: preplanned anterior spinal fusion (n = 2), and anterior spinal fusion from numbness (n = 1) or C5 radiculopathy (n = 1); treatment group NR[7]; study reports reoperation (anterior cervical fusion) for two patients, but it is unclear which type of cervical laminoplasty these patients received.[8]

^b Study reports complications, including superficial wound infections or blood loss of > 500 mL, in 10 patients; details, including treatment group, NR.[7]

• Two studies reported reoperation rates for reasons including restenosis and a dural tear. Only one of the studies reported reoperation rates for both treatment groups: 6% for patients who received open door laminoplasty versus 0% for those who received French door laminoplasty[6]. Yue et al[7] reported that 4% of the French door treatment group required further surgery to repair a dural tear; additional nonpreplanned surgery was performed on two patients, but the type of laminoplasty treatment was not reported.

• Various complication rates, including C7 radiculopathy (12%), shoulder numbness/pain (12%), C5 palsy (6%), transient hemiparesis (6%), and superficial wound infection (6%) were reported in one study in the open door laminoplasty treatment group.[6]

• Three studies reported surgical complication rates. There was a higher rate of CSF leakage or dural tear in French door patients (4–6%)[6] [7] compared with open door patients (3%).[8] Other reported surgical complication rates included excessive bleeding (open door patients: 8–12%)[6] [7] and misrecognition of surgical level (French door patients: 6%).[6]

• Other types of complication rates reported included: restenosis (open door suture anchor method 6% vs. French door 0%)[6] and a right facet fracture (open door: 6%).[6]

Effect of Early Motion

None of the included studies conducted a formal analysis of the effect of early cervical motion on postoperative axial pain and only one study reported on postoperative care, where patients in both treatment groups received the same care.[8]

Comparative Safety of Miniplates versus No Plates in Cervical Laminoplasty

Of the two studies included in this KQ, only one study compared overall complication rates between treatment groups. Wang et al[9] reported that the incidence of perioperative complications was higher in the no plate treatment group compared with the miniplate group (p = NR). In both studies, the rates of reoperation, radiculopathy, infection, and restenosis were generally higher in the no plate group.

Reoperation

• One RCT (Wang et al)[9] reported three patients (13%) in the no plate treatment group requiring reoperation due to restenosis. No patients in the miniplate group required additional surgery and there were no instances of restenosis ([Table 4]).

Table 4 Studies comparing the use of miniplates with no plates in cervical laminoplasty: postoperative complication rates

	Wang et al[9]		Jiang et al[10]
	Plates, %	No plates, %	Plates, %	No plates, %
Reoperation
Reoperation (causes)	0 (0/25)	13 (3/24) Cause: restenosis (n = 3)	NR	NR
Pain
Axial pain	NR	NR	38 (12/32)	35 (6/17)
Shoulder pain (bilateral)	4 (1/25)	8 (2/24)	NR	NR
Neurological complications
Restenosis	0 (0/25)	13 (3/24)	0 (0/32)	0 (0/17)
C5 radiculopathy/C5 palsy (transient)	4 (1/25)	13 (3/24)	3 (1/32)	6 (1/17)
C7 radiculopathy	NR	4 (1/24)	NR	NR
Numbness (right shoulder)	4 (1/25)	NR	NR	NR
Infection
Wound (superficial)	0 (0/25)	NR	6 (2/32)	12 (2/17)
Surgical complications
CSF leakage	4 (1/25)	4 (1/24)	NR	NR
Spinal cord injury	0 (0/25)	0 (0/24)	NR	NR
Bleeding	0 (0/25)	0 (0/24)	NR	NR
Other complications
Cardiopulmonary event	NR	NR	NR	6 (1/17)
Failed plates	0 (0/25)	n/a	0 (0/32)	n/a

Abbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; n/a, not applicable; NR, not reported.

Axial Pain Measured by VAS

• Wang et al[9] reported that patients receiving miniplates experienced significantly less pain at 21.2 months as measured by a VAS scale (27.2 mm ± 30.4) compared with patients receiving no plates (38.8 mm ± 30.2, p = 0.046). Although the patients in the miniplate treatment group experienced less pain at follow-up than at baseline, the patients receiving no plates experienced worse pain at follow-up (see Table 2 in online supplementary material).

Pain

Both studies reported on pain, with one study reporting that the miniplate treatment group had lower rate of shoulder pain and the other study reporting that the no plate group had a lower rate of axial pain ([Table 4]).

• One RCT (Wang et al)[9] reported that one patient (4%) in the miniplate treatment group experienced bilateral shoulder pain compared with two patients in the no plate treatment group (8%).

• Jiang et al[10] reported that 6 patients (35%) in the no plate group experienced axial pain compared with 12 patients (38%) in the miniplate group.

Neurological Complications

• Both studies reported on restenosis. Wang et al[9] reported three cases (13%) of restenosis in the no plate treatment group compared with no cases in the miniplate group (0%). Jiang et al[10] reported that no patients in either treatment group experienced restenosis ([Table 4]).

• Wang et al[9] reported one patient (4%) in the miniplate group experiencing numbness in the right shoulder. The no plate group experienced three instances of transient C5 root palsy (13%) and one temporary C7 dysesthesia (4%) compared with one case of transient C5 root palsy (4%) in the miniplate group.

• Jiang et al[10] reported one case of transient C5 palsy in each treatment group (3% in the miniplate treatment group, 6% in the no plate treatment group).

Infection

• Jiang et al[10] reported two cases of superficial wound infections in each treatment group (6% in the miniplate treatment group, 12% in the no plate treatment group) ([Table 4]).

• Wang et al[9] reported that there were no cases of infection in the miniplate group and provided no information for the no plate group.

Surgical Complications

• One study (Jiang et al)[10] reported one case of CSF leakage in each treatment group (4% in the miniplate and no plate treatment groups) ([Table 4]).

• Wang et al[9] reported that there were no spinal cord injuries or bleeding in either treatment group.

Other Complications

• One cardiopulmonary event was reported in the no plate treatment group (6%) in one study (Jiang et al) ([Table 4]).[10]

• Both studies (Jiang et al,[10] Wang et al[9]) reported that there was no plate failure in any patient.

Effect of Early Motion

Both studies reported on postoperative care; however, none of the studies conducted a formal analysis of the effect of early cervical motion on postoperative axial pain. Jiang et al[10] reported that patients in both treatment groups received the same postoperative care, which included the use of a cervical brace for 3 months after surgery; there was no significant difference in axial symptoms at final follow-up. Wang et al[9] reported that the miniplate patients, who wore a collar for 2 weeks versus 6 weeks in the no plate group, experienced significantly less pain at 21.2 months as measured by the VAS score compared with the no plate patients, who wore a collar for 6 weeks ([Table 2]).

Evidence Summary

The overall strength of evidence evaluating the comparative effectiveness of open door laminoplasty compared with French door laminoplasty regarding improvement in myelopathy and surgical complications is low, that is, there is a low confidence that the evidence reflects the true effect, and further research is likely to change the confidence in the estimate of effect and likely to change the estimate. The overall strength of evidence evaluating the comparative effectiveness of open door laminoplasty compared with French door laminoplasty regarding pain and health care–related quality of life is insufficient, that is, the available evidence does not permit a conclusion. The overall strength of evidence evaluating the comparative effectiveness of the use of miniplates compared with the use of no plates in cervical laminoplasty regarding surgical complications is low, that is, there is a low confidence that the evidence reflects the true effect, and further research is likely to change the confidence in the estimate of effect and likely to change the estimate. The overall strength of evidence evaluating the effect of early cervical motion after open versus French door laminoplasty or the use of miniplates versus no plates after cervical laminoplasty is insufficient, that is, the available evidence does not permit a conclusion ([Table 5]).

Table 5 Evidence summary

Outcomes	Strength of evidence	Conclusions/comments
In adult patients with cervical myelopathy, what is the comparative effectiveness of open door vs. French door cervical laminoplasty?
Improvement in myelopathy		Overall, data from one CoE II and two CoE III studies suggest that there is no difference between treatment groups in improvement in myelopathy. All three studies found no significant difference in improvement in myelopathy measured by JOA score and JOA recovery rate.
Pain		There is insufficient strength of evidence on the comparative effectiveness of open vs. French door laminoplasty regarding pain based on the results of one study. A CoE II RCT reported significant improvement in axial pain following French door laminoplasty compared with open door laminoplasty.
Health care–related quality of life		There is insufficient strength of evidence on the comparative effectiveness of open vs. French door laminoplasty regarding health care–related quality of life on the basis of the results of one study. A CoE II RCT reported significantly higher SF-36 scores in four subscales following French door laminoplasty compared with open door laminoplasty.
Complications		Overall, data from one CoE II and three CoE III studies suggest that the incidence of complications appears to be higher in the open door laminoplasty group compared with the French door group. One CoE III study reported a higher overall incidence of complications in the open door group (67%) compared with the French door group (16%). Although complete reporting of complications was poor, incidence of pain, neurological complications, infection, bleeding, and restenosis appeared to be higher in the open door treatment group.
In adult patients with cervical myelopathy, are postoperative complications, including pain and infection, different for the use of miniplates vs. the use of no plates following cervical laminoplasty?
Complications		Overall, data from one CoE II RCT and one CoE III retrospective cohort study suggest that the incidence of complications appears to be higher in the no plate treatment group compared with the miniplate group. In both studies rates of reoperation, radiculopathy, and infection were higher in the no plate group. In one study patients in the no plate group experienced significantly greater pain as measured by the VAS score compared with the miniplate group.
Are results from cervical laminoplasty (open door compared with French door and the use of miniplates compared with no plates) altered by early active postoperative cervical motion?
Open door vs. French door		No evidence available.
Use of miniplates vs. no plates		There is insufficient strength of evidence on the effect of early cervical motion on postoperative axial pain. Although neither study conducted a formal analysis of this effect, evidence from one study suggests that earlier postoperative cervical motion might have an effect on pain. One RCT reported that miniplate patients, who wore a collar for 2 weeks, experienced significantly less pain at follow-up than the no plate patients, who wore a collar for 6 weeks.

Abbreviations: CoE, class of evidence; JOA, Japanese Orthopedic Association score; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SF-36, short form 36; VAS, visual analog scale.

Illustrative Case

The patient is a 55-year-old male with myeloradiculopathy with minimal axial neck pain. He has congenital stenosis, OPLL, mild disc protrusions that efface the spinal cord from C4–5 down to C7–T1. He was treated with an open-door laminoplasty of C5–7 with miniplate fixation and partial laminectomy of C4. He was treated with early neck mobilization, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and minimal narcotics. His preoperative symptoms completely resolved within several weeks postoperatively. He continued to do well at 2 years postoperatively ([Figs. 2] [3] [4] [5]).

Fig. 2 Pre-op lateral radiograph.

Fig. 3 Pre-op magnetic resonance image sagittal view.

Fig. 4 Pre-op computed tomography sagittal view.

Fig. 5 Post-op lateral radiograph.

Discussion

• Limitations:

  • ○ Few studies were available to address the KQs, all with small sample sizes (n < 86).

  • ○ Patient-reported outcomes, such as pain and SF-36, were reported in only one study for KQ1.

  • ○ Complete reporting of complications was poor; complications were commonly reported in only two studies.

• Despite the long history of use and the claimed relative advantages and disadvantages of open door laminoplasty versus French door laminoplasty, little comparative data exist, even in 2013. The best that one can glean from a structured review is that the data are “insufficient” to resolve the debate with respect to the superiority of either laminoplasty technique. This is largely because of the fact that laminoplasty evolved in an environment in which pupils tend to continue the practices passed down by their mentors.

• The theoretical advantages of rigid fixation of the laminae are intuitively appealing and have encouraged modifications in postoperative rehabilitation strategies. More data are needed to clearly establish what might be suggested by the available studies. Unfortunately, Jiang et al missed an opportunity to investigate the potential effect of early active range of motion when they still required the plated group to wear cervical collars for 3 months after surgery. Wang et al came closer to shedding light on this issue when they used collars for only 2 weeks in their plated group versus their customary 6 weeks in the nonplated group. While the neurological outcomes were equivalent, there were significantly better SF-36 bodily pain, general health, and vitality scores in the plated group, which seemed to be primarily due to the increased postoperative axial pain among the no plate group.

• In the absence of either clinical equipoise or equal surgical facility at any given institution, it seems most reasonable to urge surgeon–scholars to pursue similarly constructed prospective clinical evaluations of a single option, while attempting to standardize the study methodologies among peer institutions engaged in alternative techniques so that the results can be analyzed appropriately. In this light, academic organizations may play an important role in unifying study design. With apologies to methodologic purists, perhaps we surgeons can then resolve an important and spirited debate.

Summary and Conclusion

Despite more than 30 years of clinical use and literature on laminoplasty, scant comparative studies exist. Data from three such comparative studies are not sufficient to support the superiority of open door cervical laminoplasty or French door cervical laminoplasty. Data from two comparative studies are not sufficient to support the superiority of the use of miniplates or no plates following cervical laminoplasty. The overall strength of evidence to support any conclusions is low or insufficient. Thus, the debate continues while opportunity exists for the spine surgery community to resolve these issues with appropriately designed clinical studies.

Conflict of Interest

None

• References

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