Keywords
swallowing disorders - anxiety - nutritional status - rehabilitation
Introduction
Swallowing is a complex act that requires control and regulation at all levels of the nervous system. Changes in this process, such as incoordination or weakness of the biomechanics of this function, characterize dysphagia.[1]
One study found that between 42 and 67% of patients who are affected by stroke have dysphagia, making it the most common result in these cases. The diagnosis of oropharyngeal dysphagia is associated with laryngotracheal aspiration, which may result in pulmonary diseases, malnutrition, dehydration, and death.[2]
[3]
[4]
[5] Among the already recognized consequences of dysphagia, it is also necessary to note the possibility of psychological disorders related to emotional modifications that may generate changes in the swallowing process.[6]
With the improvement in the care and treatment of stroke, it is important that therapeutic work should not only be focused on the acute phase, because the next or chronic phase can last indefinitely, and its sequelae, such as oropharyngeal dysphagia, should receive the same attention. The treatment during the chronic phase aims to improve the performance of functional tasks and reintegrate the patient to their daily activities.[7]
It is currently necessary to identify, classify, and organize the goals and procedures of rehabilitation in the care of patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia, which would improve the speech therapy in the rehabilitation process.[8]
A recent study found that the literature lacks reports of the indicators resulting from dysphagia speech therapy in the hospital. The use of functionality scales, besides the possibility to manage the results of this study, allows comparison of results before and after speech therapy to analyze the effectiveness of treatment and possible actions to be improved.[8]
The aim of this study was to analyze the level of dysphagia, oral ingestion, anxiety, and nutritional status before and after speech therapy in the Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (HUSM) in patients with stroke.
Methods
This quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting data of adult patients of both sexes admitted to the HUSM with neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia. This study was approved by the Ethics in Research Committee of the institution of origin under number 0196.0.243.000-11.
Inclusion criteria specified adult patients of both sexes with neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia, stroke diagnosis, stable condition for the realization of the screening, plans to be admitted to hospital, and clinical signs of aspiration and/or complaints of dysphagia.
Exclusion criteria specified having previously undergone speech therapy and having a diagnosis of mechanical dysphagia and craniofacial malformations.
All patients were in acute phase and were evaluated about 8 days after admission. Initially, clinical assessment of swallowing in bed was performed by using partial Protocol of Risk Assessment for Dysphagia[9] (testing only volumes of 3, 5, 10 and 20 mL) for the determination and classification of the diagnosis of oropharyngeal dysphagia. In this assessment, the patient sat upright in bed (90 degrees). Swallowing of water and pasty food was observed only in volumes of 3 and 5 mL. Larger volumes (10 and 20 mL) were used when necessary to facilitate the identification of signs suggestive of penetration/aspiration and defining the conduct.[10] The water was supplied with a glass, and the pasty food was offered with a spoon.
The general appearance of the patient was analyzed, along with symmetry and posture and mobility and tone of the organs and muscles involved in chewing and swallowing (lips, teeth, jaw, palatoglossus muscle, palatopharyngeal muscle, and the posterior pharyngeal wall). The extra- and intraoral sensitivity was also observed. Presence or absence of gagging or coughing during and after swallowing, the labial sealing, the movement of the tongue, and the use of compensatory movements to propel the food bolus were observed. During the assessment, cervical auscultation was used to verify the presence or absence of noise before or after swallowing. Furthermore, as defined in the protocol, the oximeter was used to check the heart rate and oxygen saturation during swallowing. Then, the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS)[11] was used to characterize the level of the patient's oral intake.
To assess the level of anxiety of the patient or family/caregiver, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was applied using a version translated and validated by Cunha in 2011.[12] The Beck Anxiety Inventory consists of 21 items related to signs and symptoms of anxiety, with responses ranging from none, slight, moderate, and severe, graded 0 to 3, respectively. The recommended rating for the level of anxiety is minimal (0 to 7), mild (8 to 15), moderate (16 to 25), and severe (26 to 63).
The nutritional status was assessed by means of the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA).[13] This screening aims to investigate changes in food intake, weight loss, mobility, psychological stress, neurologic problems, and body mass index. The maximum score is 14 points, classifying the patient's nutritional status as normal (12 to 14 points), at risk of malnutrition (8 to 11 points), or malnourished (0 to 7 points).
After initial assessments and confirming the degree of oropharyngeal dysphagia in different levels, the speech therapy began in the bed to restore the oral and/or weaning of alternative routes of supply, according to the specific need of each case. Patients were treated for 15 sessions of 40 minutes each, according to a previous study.[14] They were assessed about 8 days after admission and treated in the hospital bed. The goal of speech therapy is to promote a progressive decrease in enteral supply, safely aiding the progression of oral feeding whenever possible. This approach used direct and indirect therapies. The indirect therapy aims to improve the physiology of swallowing. The exercises used for this purpose were isotonic muscle contraction and cryostimulation associated with sour taste. In direct therapy, compensation strategies were used (cleaning maneuvers and Masako's maneuvers), encompassing the external control of the swallowing process. Through that, the purpose was to preserve food quality and safety and to maintain adequate nutritional status.[6]
[15]
[16]
[17]
The procedures performed during this study (data collection and therapeutic treatment) were made by the researcher speech therapist and also by residents of the college hospital staff. It is noteworthy that the entire therapeutic process was outlined by the researcher speech therapist in charge.
To describe the profile of the sample according to the variables under study, frequency tables of the categorical variables were made, with values of absolute frequency (n) and percentage (%) and descriptive statistics of the numeric variable with mean values, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values, medians, and quartiles.
To examine the relationship between the categorical variables in each moment, the chi-square test or the Fisher exact test was used in the presence of expected values below five. To compare the categorical variables between assessments before and after therapy, we used the McNemar test for two categories and the Bowker symmetry test for three or more categories. To compare the ordinal categorical variables between the ratings before and after therapy, the Wilcoxon test was used for related samples. The significance level for the statistical tests was 5% (i.e., p < 0.05).
Results
Eighteen patients (14 men and 4 women), age between 38 and 85 years (mean 64.6 years), participated in this study; all had the first episode of stroke certified by medical diagnosis in the records, which were determined as hemorrhagic (10 patients) or ischemic (8 patients). Patients did not have cognitive disorders. All patients were in the acute phase of the disease. They were assessed about 8 days after admission and treated in the hospital bed. Of these, two died, one was in a coma, two were transferred to the city hospital of origin before starting speech therapy, and one was discharged by the doctor before starting the assessments. Therefore, the sample consisted of 12 patients. The average length of stay of these patients was 30 days. The profiles of the patients according to the degree of dysphagia, level of oral intake, nutritional status, and level of anxiety before and after speech therapy are described in [Tables 1]
[2]
[3]
[4].
Table 1
Descriptive analysis of degree of dysphagia
|
Classification of the dysphagia
|
Clinical assessment[a]
|
|
Before (%)
|
After (%)
|
|
Normal
|
0
|
16.7
|
|
Functional swallowing
|
16.7
|
25.0
|
|
Mild dysphagia
|
25.0
|
33.3
|
|
Mild to moderate dysphagia
|
33.3
|
16.7
|
|
Moderate dysphagia
|
0
|
0
|
|
Moderate to severe dysphagia
|
25.0
|
0
|
|
Severe dysphagia
|
0
|
8.3
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
a Classification according to Padovani et al.[9]
Table 2
Descriptive analysis of the level of oral intake
|
Functional Oral Intake Scale[a]
|
|
|
Before (%)
|
After (%)
|
|
1
|
88.2
|
8.3
|
|
2
|
11.8
|
0
|
|
3
|
0
|
16.7
|
|
4
|
0
|
8.3
|
|
5
|
0
|
25.0
|
|
6
|
0
|
0
|
|
7
|
0
|
41.7
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
a Classification according to Crary et al.[11]
Table 3
Descriptive analysis of the nutritional status
|
Mini Nutritional Assessment
|
|
|
Before (%)
|
After (%)
|
|
Normal
|
11.7
|
16.7
|
|
At risk of malnutrition
|
41.2
|
66.7
|
|
Malnourished
|
47.1
|
16.7
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Table 4
Descriptive analysis of the level of anxiety
|
Beck Anxiety Inventory[a]
|
|
|
Before (%)
|
After (%)
|
|
Minimum
|
29.4
|
50.0
|
|
Mild
|
35.3
|
41.7
|
|
Moderate
|
23.5
|
8.3
|
|
Severe
|
11.8
|
0
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
a Classification according to Cunha.[12]
[Table 5] shows the comparative analysis of the numerical variables before and after speech therapy. [Table 6] shows the comparison before and after speech therapy between the variables degree of dysphagia, anxiety inventory, and nutritional assessment.
Table 5
Comparative analysis of level of dysphagia, level of oral intake, and MNA and Beck Anxiety Inventory before and after speech therapy
|
Variable
|
n
|
Average
|
SD
|
p value[a]
|
|
Before
|
After
|
Before
|
After
|
|
Level (dysphagia) after speech therapy
|
12
|
3.92
|
2.75
|
1.44
|
1.22
|
0.017*
|
|
Level (FOIS)
|
12*
|
1.08*
|
5.08*
|
0.29*
|
2.02*
|
0.003*
|
|
Nutritional status (MNA)
|
12
|
2.17
|
2.00
|
0.72
|
0.60
|
0.727
|
|
Level (Beck Anxiety Inventory)
|
12
|
2.25
|
1.58
|
0.97
|
0.67
|
0.063
|
Abbreviations: *, statistical significance; SD, standard deviation; FOIS, Functional Oral Intake Scale ; MNA, Mini Nutritional Assessment.
a Wilcoxon test of related samples for comparison between before and after therapies.
Table 6
Comparative analysis of the numerical variables dysphagia (Beck Anxiety Inventory), dysphagia (MNA), Beck Anxiety Inventory (MNA) before and after speech therapy
|
Variables
|
p value[a]
|
|
Before
|
After
|
|
Dysphagia (Beck Anxiety Inventory)
|
0.895
|
0.349
|
|
Dysphagia (MNA)
|
0.529
|
0.879
|
|
Beck Anxiety Inventory (MNA)
|
0.877
|
>0.999
|
Abbreviation: MNA, Mini Nutritional Assessment.
a Fisher exact test of related samples for comparison between before and after therapies.
During this research, it was observed through pre–speech therapy clinical assessment that 33.3% of patients had mild to moderate dysphagia and 25% of patients had mild dysphagia. Functional swallowing was found in 16.7% of patients. After 15 therapeutic treatment sessions, 33.3% of patients had mild dysphagia and 8.3% had severe dysphagia in the clinical assessment. The diagnosis of severe dysphagia after the therapy sessions were due to the worsening of the neurologic status of the patient under care ([Table 1]).
[Table 2] shows that the number of patients not receiving oral feeding before therapy decreased after speech therapy. It was also observed after the treatment that more than 40% of patients had a total feed orally released.
During application of the nutritional screening through the MNA, before speech therapy 47.1% of patients had malnutrition, 41.2% were at nutritional risk, and 11.7% had normal nutritional status. After the therapy sessions, 16.7% were malnourished, 66.7% were at risk of malnutrition, and 16.7% were in normal nutritional status ([Table 3]).
When analyzing the results of pretherapy BAI,[12] 35.3% of patients had a mild degree of anxiety and 11.8% had a severe degree of anxiety, and after speech therapy, 50% of patients had minimal degree of anxiety and 8.3%, a moderate degree ([Table 4]).
In this research, the degree of dysphagia established by the clinical assessment[9] and the FOIS scale of oral ingestion[11] significantly improved after the speech therapy ([Table 5]). These results illustrate that the therapy promoted the evolution of the oral intake, with consequent changes in their general status.[18]
[Table 6] shows the comparison before and after speech therapy between degree of dysphagia, anxiety inventory, and nutritional assessment. No significant results were found in this comparison.
Discussion
Rehabilitation demonstrates the importance of interventions and their results. Adding to this, early diagnosis and targeted treatment can reduce both the complications related to dysphagia as well as length of hospital stay, which consequently results in reduced costs.[8]
Stroke is a neurologic disease with higher mortality and sequelae in adults. Studies show a significant incidence of oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with this neurologic condition, which increases morbidity. The risk of aspiration is also present, and as a result, there can be inadequate oral nutrition.[19]
Research and clinical evidence suggest that by establishing an organized plan of care (screening, diagnosis, and treatment of dysphagia), a significant reduction of consequences can be obtained in the patient with dysphagia. Furthermore, to characterize the effects of therapy using data obtained before and after treatment meets the growing interest in evidence-based practice. Thus, to manage and systematize the routine care of speech therapy can ensure better efficiency.[20]
[21]
Chronic stroke condition can change individuals' daily living habits and thus bring about a drastic change in their lifestyle.[22] The duration of the condition may influence the performance of their daily activities, taking into account that better results in rehabilitation are obtained during the first 6 months of onset.[23]
One study reported that dysphagia is present in 42 to 67% of patients with stroke in the acute phase, and 20% of patients with this disease will die within the first year, 35% due to pneumonia occurring during the hospitalization. Pneumonia is related to the presence of aspiration, which maybe be caused by various degrees of dysphagia.[2] A week after the onset of the disease, 27% of patients still had the disease; moreover, after 6 months, 8% of patients demonstrated oropharyngeal dysphagia.[24]
The data in [Table 1] show an increase in the number of patients with improved diagnosis on clinical assessment. The presence of functional swallowing (33.3%) increased after the sessions of speech therapy, and the percentage of diagnoses of moderate to severe dysphagia and severe dysphagia fell.
A recent study of more than 3,000 patients with heterogeneous disorders (Parkinson disease, stroke, head and neck surgery, dementia, and cardiothoracic surgery) investigated the benefits of water-swallowing test to determine the presence or absence of aspiration and possible procedures for oral feeding. The authors concluded that although the clinical assessment was effective, it should not be the only one for establishing the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with dysphagia, confirming the need for an instrumental accompaniment (videofluoroscopy VFS) in the assessment when the patient shows signs of difficulties to feed upon clinical assessment.[25]
After 15 therapeutic sessions ([Table 2]), 41.7% of patients achieved level 7 of the FOIS oral intake scale.[11] Safe and effective removal of the alternative pathway of food and/or reintroduction of oral feeding makes possible the assessment of the results of speech therapy in dysphagia.[8]
The percentage of malnourished patients decreased after treatment ([Table 3]), demonstrating that the increased oral intake improves the nutritional status of patients with dysphagia. According to Silva et al,[26] the nutritional status of the patients is occasionally referred to in the literature as a risk characteristic of dysphagia; however, it becomes crucial to observe the degree of impairment of the neurogenic dysphagia, considering that even in the absence of laryngotracheal penetration/aspiration, the nutrition state may be compromised. Thus, the authors report that during speech therapy in this population, both lungs should be analyzed.
The indication of food restriction or feeding alternative in patients with dysphagia worsens the nutritional condition, leading to malnutrition. The malnourished patient's ability to swallow is impaired due to changes in muscle and nerve disorders; in addition, malnutrition is an established risk for the patient to develop lung diseases.[27]
According to a study by Crary,[28] early identification of dysphagia and malnutrition is of great importance. Both were prevalent and were related to unfavorable outcomes in the study sample mentioned. The authors concluded that interventions that aim to improve the ability to swallow may benefit the nutritional status of stroke patients.
The degree of anxiety considered serious was extinguished in the sample and the minimum degree showed an increase to 50% in the assessment after speech therapy ([Table 4]). A survey that assessed symptoms of depression after stroke in 206 patients, also using scales, observed that the loss of appetite (characterized as a somatic symptom in this study) had the second highest score in this population. The authors concluded that, first, depression is the most common symptom in patients suffering from stroke. However, other somatic symptoms should not be overlooked because of their importance in quality of life.[29]
Studies revealed that the presence of dysphagia is associated with anxiety, bringing the individual psychosocial consequences such as depression, fear, and frustration, which can significantly affect quality of life.[27]
[30]
[31] A recent study assessed patients with dysphagia after stroke using the BAI before and after therapy and observed that at the end of the therapy, there was a significant decrease in scores on this scale.[32] Therefore, the decrease in anxiety found in this sample indicates that, although not statistically significant, developments in the diagnosis of dysphagia promoted a positive evolution in the condition of anxiety.
A survey showed that, upon receiving the diagnosis of dysphagia, patients report a decrease in their quality of life because from that moment meals become a problem and not pleasure.[33] The increased oral ingestion in this sample promoted a consequent evolution of anxiety, as patients were able to feed normally. Thus, it is possible to infer that the state of dysphagia affects the anxiety state of the individual, and it is necessary to consider this aspect in the process of rehabilitation of oropharyngeal dysphagia.
The change of degree of dysphagia established through clinical evaluation[9] and the use of FOIS[11] was statistically significant, indicating evolution in the patients' condition after speech therapy ([Table 5]). These findings confirm the shift in the dynamics of swallowing and subsequent efficacy of the therapeutic program. The application of this type of procedure before and after therapy for clinical assessment is important to assess the best treatment for each case and to analyze objectively the evolution of each patient.[34]
Despite the nutritional scale and the Beck inventory not showing statistically significant results, a trend toward improvement could be seen. The change in this sample may be due to the evolution of the diagnosis of dysphagia in these patients, given that, with the improvement of dysphagia, the reestablishment of the general health and quality of life of patients consequently occurs.[16]
The association among dysphagia and the degree of anxiety, dysphagia, and nutritional status and anxiety ([Table 6]) was not statistically significant. However, in the isolated analysis of these parameters, one can observe progress after therapy. The small sample size may have affected these results.
Due to the high incidence and prevalence of the diagnosis of oropharyngeal dysphagia in the hospital, it is necessary to use a management program with defined goals and objectives. Adapting protocols and therapeutic processes becomes essential for the work of the speech therapist in dysphagia to be more efficient and effective, facilitating the identification of the population served and improving the procedures to which they will be offered.[8]
[35]
Conclusion
The degree of dysphagia and the oral intake level showed significant differences before and after speech therapy. Although not statistically significant, there was considerable progress in relation to the level of anxiety and nutritional status. Studies with larger samples are suggested.
