Keywords
neonatal nurse - kangaroo mother care - neonatal intensive care unit - simulation training
Background
Kangaroo mother care (KMC), a specific method of care in which the mother is supported to hold her naked diaper-clad infant skin to skin upright between her breasts, provides health benefits for infant and mother.[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5] These include diminishing infant stress or pain and enhancing cardiorespiratory and intestinal physiology as well as enhancing maternal lactation, diminishing risk of postpartum blues, and enhancing parenting confidence and self-esteem.[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6] KMC is considered an important component of developmental care and family-centered care in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), to further support the role of the mother and father and members of the care team with the medical caregivers.[7]
[8] Indeed, KMC provided by fathers has been associated with improved confidence in paternal role.[9]
[10] Despite the well-known benefits, barriers to provision of this care remain, notably related to provider perception of value, NICU culture, and perceived difficulty in provision of KMC for the preterm infant.[11]
[12]
[13]
[14] As parent educators for provision of KMC, the neonatal nurse is a vital advocate in the utilization of KMC in the NICU, and guides the NICU team and the parents in the perception of infant KMC readiness, the determination that the infant is medically stable for KMC, as well as overall value of this care. The neonatal nurse must have a level of understanding of the benefits of KMC as well as comfort and skill to safely transfer infants who are provided this level of care. Previous evaluation of barriers to the use of KMC in the NICU indicated neonatal nurse's comfort level with infant transfer out of incubator to the KMC position on the parent's chest especially in those infants receiving respiratory support.[12]
[13]
[14] We hypothesized that competency with transfer of the preterm infant receiving respiratory support impacted on the nurse's perceived KMC value and decreased provision of KMC in the NICU. The aim of this study was to determine neonatal nurses' perception of comfort, skill, and ability to provide safe KMC transfers and the impact of a structured competency-based KMC education training program that includes transfer simulation on nurses' perception, competency, and subsequent parent utilization of KMC.
Methods
This was a prospective cohort study of neonatal nurses at Bellevue Hospital Center in New York City. This study used two quantitative surveys for pre- and post-KMC education training for the 32 participating nurses. The five-point Likert rating scale for the questions included 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree). All inborn infants ≤ 34 weeks' gestation admitted to the Bellevue NICU during the study period were eligible and prospectively assessed for parent utilization of KMC. The KMC nursing educational curriculum designed was provided in three workshops during December 5, 2008, to January 5, 2009. The workshops consisted of 7.5 hours of didactic education that included presentations by the medical staff on the following: the scientific basis of KMC, the impact of KMC on breastfeeding, supporting families during KMC, assessing and identifying infants, as well as parent and staff readiness for KMC. A manikin simulation practicum included medical scenarios where nurses accepted roles as parents (role play) to assess nurses' provision of parental KMC education as well as identify skill level in the evaluation of infants, parents, and staff's readiness for KMC. Each nurse completed five KMC practicum stations with infant mannequins receiving (1) room air, (2) nasal cannula, (3) nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP), (4) synchronized inspiratory positive airway pressure (SIPAP), and (5) intubation on conventional ventilators. Debriefings were held immediately following each scenario. High fidelity mannequins controlled by a biomedical engineering technician included transfers with simulation of apnea and bradycardia episodes. The training incorporated a KMC nursing competency skills checklist. Post-KMC training survey of registered nurses' (RNs) comfort and knowledge levels was performed after training and collected, analyzed, and compared with pre-KMC training survey data. Nurses who were undergoing competency/skills training were under direct observation in the NICU by senior staff every day for 6 months posttraining. Parent participation of infant KMC exposure was collected through the electronic medical records for infants born 6 months before and 18 months after the training, June 1, 2008, to May 31, 2010. Institutional review board approval was obtained to conduct this study. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 17 for Windows (Chicago, IL). Fisher exact test, Pearson chi-square test, and independent samples t-test were used for statistical analyses of categorical independent and continuous variables.
Results
Competency of Nurses in the Provision of KMC Pretraining
A total of 30 nurses participated in the study. The demographic characteristics of the nurses are detailed in [Table 1]. The pre-KMC training survey data identified that 16.7% of RNs were uncomfortable and unable to perform KMC for stable infants in room air and that their level of comfort and competency worsened with the infants' increased respiratory care demands such as nasal cannula, NCPAP, and mechanical ventilation. Sixty-six percent were not comfortable in performing KMC with NCPAP and 90% were not comfortable with the ventilated infant exposed to this therapy. Additionally, 90% felt uncomfortable in assisting their colleagues with the transfer of infants for KMC ([Fig. 1]).
Fig. 1 Nurse's comfort level pretraining in the provision of kangaroo mother care.
Table 1
Demographic characteristics of neonatal nurses
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Characteristics
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NICU nurses, N = 30
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Race/ethnicity: N (%)
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Non-Hispanic white
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4 (13.3)
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Hispanic
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1 (3)
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Asian
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21 (70)
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Non-Hispanic black
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2 (6.7)
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Other
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2 (6.7)
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Gender: N (%)
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Male
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2 (7)
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Female
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28 (93)
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Place of birth
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U.S. born: N (%)
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5 (17)
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Non-U.S. born: N (%)
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25 (83)
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Age: Mean ± SD
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46.9 ± 9.7
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Years living in United States: mean ± SD
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18.5 ± 7.7
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Years of work experience: mean ± SD
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20.6 ± 9.5
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Abbreviations: NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; SD, standard deviation.
Competency of Nurses in KMC Provision Post-KMC Training
Post-KMC training, comfort and competency of nurses in the provision of KMC for infants requiring NCPAP or mechanical ventilation improved significantly from 30 to 92% (p < 0.0001) and 10 to 48% (p < 0.004), respectively ([Fig. 2]). Additionally, those who felt uncomfortable in this competency decreased to 0%, which was significant for nasal cannula, NCPAP, and ventilator categories ([Table 2]). This educational program improved the perception of value of KMC, the nurses' role in implementing KMC, as well as increased the nurses' value to encourage parent visitation in the NICU ([Fig. 3]).
Fig. 2 Nurse's comfort level posttraining in the provision of kangaroo mother care.
Fig. 3 Pre- and posttraining comparison of nurse's perception of value of family-centered care and kangaroo mother care.
Table 2
Comparison of nurse competence pre- and posttraining response selection of no. 1 “Comfortable with procedure and perform with confidence”
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Pretraining (N = 30)
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Posttraining (N = 30)
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Significance (p < 0.05)
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Room air
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25 (83%)
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30 (100%)
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NS
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Nasal canula
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23 (76.6%)
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30 (100%)
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0.0158
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SIPAP/CPAP
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9 (30.0%)
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28 (93%)
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0.0001
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Intubated
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3 (10%)
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15 (50%)
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0.0001
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Transfer
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3 (10%)
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20 (66.6%)
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0.0001
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Abbreviations: CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; NS, nonsignificant; SIPAP, synchronized inspiratory positive airway pressure.
Note: Independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA were used for statistical analyses.
Impact of KMC Training on Parent Utilization of KMC for Their Infant
During the study period, 112 infants < 34 weeks' gestation were eligible for KMC, 34 before training and 78 after the training period. There were no differences in the infant demographics during the evaluation period ([Table 3]). The number of infants who received KMC increased from 26.5% in 2008 pretraining period to 85.9% in the posttraining period (p < 0001). KMC was provided primarily by the mother, although fathers who were interested in participating also provided KMC. The average infant initial KMC occurred at mean of 18 ± 2.7 days before training compared with 5.6 ± 1.2 days in the posttraining period. The mean duration of KMC pre-KMC training was 73.9 ± 7.2 minutes compared with 203.6 ± 35.3 minutes post-KMC training (p < 0.0006). There was no difference in the length of hospitalization, rate of mortality, or other morbidities such as risk of chronic lung disease or necrotizing enterocolitis.
Table 3
Inborn infants ≤ 34 weeks who were provided KMC during the pre- and posttraining study period (N = 112)
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Infant characteristics
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Pretraining (N = 34)
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Posttraining (N = 78)
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Gestational age, wk (± SD)
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31.4 ± 0.4
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30.7 ± 0.3
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Birth weight, g (± SD)
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1,771 ± 85.9
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1,713 ± 82.0
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Female (%)
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15 (44.1)
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41 (52.6)
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Participated in KMC, N (%)
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9 (26.5)
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67 (85.9)[a]
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Age at KMC, mean (± SD)
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18.0 ± 2.7
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5.6 ± 1.2[a]
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SNAPPE II Acuity Score (± SD)
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5.20 ± 1.0
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5.07 ± 1.1
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Mortality, N (%)
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2 (5.8)
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4 (5.1)
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Growth velocity, g (± SD)
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8.5 ± 1.23
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13.2 ± 0.83[a]
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Chronic lung disease, N (%)
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9 (26.5)
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16 (20.5)
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Necrotizing enterocolitis, N (%)
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1 (2.9)
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2 (2.5)
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LOS in days (± SD)
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51.6 ± 3.8
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46.4 ± 5.8
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Abbreviations: KMC, kangaroo mother care; LOS, length of hospital stay; SD, standard deviation.
a Groups whose values reached statistical significance using Student t-test where p < 0.05 is considered significant.
Discussion
KMC is an important component of care that benefits the preterm infant in the NICU, mother, and family.[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7] Despite its known health and infant comfort benefits, barriers to implementation exist.[11]
[13]
[15] In our NICU, past evaluations indicated that perception of value and comfort with implementation of KMC interfered with utilization and promotion of KMC to parents. As no standardized educational program exists to address the competency needs of the neonatal nurse in understanding the scientific basis of KMC, methods of parent education, or competency in the KMC transfer and care for the preterm infant, we developed a comprehensive program to address this need. This investigation demonstrates that improving education and competency of nurse in KMC improved nurses' perceived value and decreased nurse barriers to KMC utilization that translated to increased use of KMC in eligible infants. The structured KMC education significantly improved NICU nurses' comfort level and their ability to provide KMC with confidence and competency in all levels of KMC transfer and especially for intubated infants or those receiving respiratory support. By improving nurses' comfort and competency with KMC, the training program also significantly enhanced nurses' perceived value of KMC. The utilization of a preeducation survey provided valuable objective data for the nurses to identify that their level of comfort and competency in KMC care provided them with a forum to understand that colleagues also had similar needs and allowed them to work collaboratively in gaining competency in the educational workshops. The instructional strategies used in both the didactic and practicum components of the KMC workshops were highly influential in determining critical thinking and clinical decision-making ability as well as in developing the psychomotor skill performances of the nurses. Hands-on simulation training and debriefings after each scenario helped the nurses to overcome many of their limitations and improved their confidence and skills in providing KMC, especially for infants receiving ventilator or respiratory support. KMC training also impacted on nurses' perception of the value of KMC. The impact of simulation training on confidence and subsequent wider use of KMC is in keeping with known benefits of simulation training.[16] Although only 78 infants were included in this study after training, the number of infants and parents who benefited from KMC improved substantially after the nurse training period, suggesting that improved nurse KMC education, competency, and comfort led to and promoted KMC use among parents. The results of this study also indicate that perceived barriers to KMC utilization are impacted by competency levels that can be decreased through education that includes parent education role play, competency training, and continued supportive evaluation within the context of a balanced simulation-based program. Furthermore, this education translates to enhanced parent education and KMC utilization for eligible infants. Similar to other skills expected of nurses in the NICU, training in the utilization of KMC may be best approached by a standardized comprehensive KMC training workshop aimed at competency training linked with ongoing support to improve nurses' comfort in the KMC provision to decrease barriers to KMC use in the NICU.
