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DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1377400
Diminutive submucosally invasive cancers of the colon and rectum
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Publication History
Publication Date:
20 January 2015 (online)
Only a few cases of submucosally invasive colorectal cancer (SM-CRC) in diminutive colorectal polyps of ≤ 5 mm have been described [1], and as yet there is no detailed knowledge of these cancers.
Pathological SM-CRCs were selected from our colonoscopy database. We examined the frequency of these lesions relative to all colonoscopy examinations and to colorectal neoplasms ≤ 5 mm. The growth type of the lesions was divided into two categories: polypoid growth and non-polypoid growth [2].
A total of 32 692 colonoscopies were performed between September 2002 and December 2012, from which 5690 colorectal neoplasms were detected and treated. Only seven cases of SM-CRC occurred in lesions ≤ 5 mm, accounting for only 0.5 % (7/1358) of colorectal neoplasms ≤ 5 mm.
Baseline patient information, endoscopic and pathological findings, and outcomes are summarized in [Table 1]. Four cases were of protruded type and three cases were of depressed type. All the protruded-type lesions were initially diagnosed before treatment as being adenomas and were resected endoscopically. All the depressed-type lesions were diagnosed before treatment as being malignant. Endoscopic treatment was indicated for six of the patients (#1 – #6), and additional surgery was performed for two patients (#1 and #2) because of histological findings that suggested a high metastatic risk. All cases were of pathologically well-differentiated adenocarcinomas of non-polypoid growth type. No lymph node metastasis was evident in the surgically resected cases. The appearances in patients #2 and #3 are shown in [Fig. 1] and [Fig. 2] respectively.
ly, lymphatic permeation; v, vascular permeation; pN, pathological lymph node metastasis; M, male; F, female; tub1, well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma; EMR, endoscopic mucosal resection; N/A, not applicable.
The most important finding of the present study was that all diminutive SM-CRCs were pathologically diagnosed as being of non-polypoid growth type. Shimoda et al. [2] reported that colorectal cancers showing non-polypoid growth tended to invade the submucosa when of a smaller size than those showing polypoid growth. Chromoendoscopy, magnified endoscopy, and image-enhanced endoscopy have been shown to be effective for the precise diagnosis of invasion depth in colorectal cancers [3] [4]. Careful endoscopic observation is strongly recommended when adopting the policies of the DISCARD trial [5] [6].
Endoscopy_UCTN_Code_CCL_1AD_2AB
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Competing interests: None
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References
- 1 Kudo SE, Takemura O, Ohtsuka K. Flat and depressed types of early colorectal cancers: from East to West. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2008; 18: 581-593
- 2 Shimoda T, Ikegami M, Fujisaki J et al. Early colorectal carcinoma with special reference to its development de novo. Cancer 1989; 64: 1138-1146
- 3 Matsuda T, Fujii T, Saito Y et al. Efficacy of the invasive/non-invasive pattern by magnifying chromoendoscopy to estimate the depth of invasion of early colorectal neoplasms. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 2700-2706
- 4 Ikematsu H, Matsuda T, Emura F et al. Efficacy of capillary pattern type IIIA/IIIB by magnifying narrow band imaging for estimating depth of invasion of early colorectal neoplasms. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10: 33
- 5 Ignjatovic A, East JE, Suzuki N et al. Optical diagnosis of small colorectal polyps at routine colonoscopy (Detect InSpect ChAracterise Resect and Discard; DISCARD trial): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10: 1171-1178
- 6 Rex DK, Kahi C, O’Brien M et al. The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy PIVI (Preservation and Incorporation of Valuable Endoscopic Innovations) on real-time endoscopic assessment of the histology of diminutive colorectal polyps. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 419-422
Corresponding author
-
References
- 1 Kudo SE, Takemura O, Ohtsuka K. Flat and depressed types of early colorectal cancers: from East to West. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2008; 18: 581-593
- 2 Shimoda T, Ikegami M, Fujisaki J et al. Early colorectal carcinoma with special reference to its development de novo. Cancer 1989; 64: 1138-1146
- 3 Matsuda T, Fujii T, Saito Y et al. Efficacy of the invasive/non-invasive pattern by magnifying chromoendoscopy to estimate the depth of invasion of early colorectal neoplasms. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 2700-2706
- 4 Ikematsu H, Matsuda T, Emura F et al. Efficacy of capillary pattern type IIIA/IIIB by magnifying narrow band imaging for estimating depth of invasion of early colorectal neoplasms. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10: 33
- 5 Ignjatovic A, East JE, Suzuki N et al. Optical diagnosis of small colorectal polyps at routine colonoscopy (Detect InSpect ChAracterise Resect and Discard; DISCARD trial): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10: 1171-1178
- 6 Rex DK, Kahi C, O’Brien M et al. The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy PIVI (Preservation and Incorporation of Valuable Endoscopic Innovations) on real-time endoscopic assessment of the histology of diminutive colorectal polyps. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 419-422