Keywords
cardiac surgery - outcome - registry - heart valve surgery - congenital heart disease - aortic surgery
Introduction
Legitimate demands for a sophisticated quality assurance in medicine—by patients, relatives, insurance companies, and authorities all over the world—have stimulated the development of a wide range of registries and other activities to answer those needs. As early as 1978, the board of directors of the German Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (GSTCVS; www.dgthg.de) (www.dgthg.de) decided to set up an annually updated database of all cardiac surgical procedures in terms of a voluntary registry. Since 1989, the annually updated data of the registry are published in the scientific journal of the GSTCVS.[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25] The aims of this registry are to gather developments and current trends in cardiac surgery in Germany, compiling various results for nearly all cardiac surgical procedures, enabling each participating cardiac surgical unit a comparison of its own results to the nationwide achievements, and enabling an evaluation on an international level for the society.
For monitoring actual conditions as well as the development in cardiac medicine, the registry covers all relevant techniques and also innovative technologies including off-pump cardiac surgery, minimally invasive heart valve operations, and transcatheter aortic valve implantations [TAVI]. Thereby important findings for current patient safety and the future of patient care may be collected and evaluated.
Data and results presented in this report comprehend assorted data of the year 2014.
Materials and Methods
Since 2004, a standardized questionnaire gathers detailed information about each individual procedure exactly defined by an annually updated German adaption of the International Classification of Procedures in Medicine (ICPM) called operation code (OPS—Operationen- und Prozedurenschlüssel).
All participants were requested to complete the structured questionnaire until January 16, 2015, asking for all performed procedures and associated in-hospital mortality. The recommended path for data export is an electronic transmission of an encrypted file which has to be addressed to the office of the GSTCVS in Berlin. After transaction, the data are decrypted, evaluated for completeness, and compiled for further analysis, thus ensuring anonymity for each participating institution. This compilation algorithm guarantees a high compliance for submission of complete datasets.
Inclusion criteria for the registry 2014 were all patients receiving cardiac surgical procedures performed between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2014, unrelated to the date of admission or discharge as compared with other registries. Alike to all previous years, the number of procedures was counted rather than individual patients. For example, if a patient required additional coronary bypass grafting due to a complication after initial aortic valve replacement during one admission, one count in the category “aortic valve replacement” and another in the category “coronary surgery” are enumerated. Thus, the registry contains more procedures than the real number of operated patients.
Death of patients was defined as in-hospital mortality. Per definition, the observed mortality is always attributed to the first cardiac procedure; for example, the death of a patient requiring coronary bypass grafting due to a complication of an aortic valve procedure would only be attributed to the aortic valve procedure.
The main reason for this structural setup of the registry—established over several decades—is to keep in accordance with the German data privacy act with its specific regulations for patients. Furthermore, it seemed to be relevant to get detailed information about all performed procedures and not only the number of treated patients. Last but not least, the process of data acquisition had to be standardized and feasible for all cardiac surgery units in Germany, thus enabling the submission of a complete dataset, regardless of the locally existing hard- and software used for data management.
In 2014, a total of 78 institutions performed heart surgery. Fortunately all units answered the questionnaire and delivered a complete dataset for the year 2014 including hospital mortality rates.
Registry Data 2014
[Table 1] illustrates the development of procedures using extracorporeal circulation (ECC) in Germany over one decade. Since 2010, the number of heart operations using ECC shows only a slight decline.
Overall 187,392 procedures were reported to the registry for the year 2014, an increase of 3.9% (2013: 180,367 procedures). A total of 104,484 cardiac surgical procedures (excluded: ICD, pacemakers and miscellaneous procedures without ECC) reveal an increase of 1.6% (n = 1,639) compared with the year 2013 (102,845 procedures) ([Table 2]). [Tables 3] to [4]
[5], [V1] to [V2]
[V3]
[V4]
[V5]
[V6]
[V7], [C1] to [C2], [C3], [Table Con1] and [Con2], and [Table Mis 1] to [Mis 2]
[Mis 3]
[Mis 4]
[Mis 5] and [Figs. 1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9] demonstrate the compiled registry data of 2014 for various categories.
Compared to the data of previous years, several important developments continued in 2014 almost unchanged. Over the past 10 years, the age distribution of patients ([Fig. 6]) showed a shift to elderly patients with presently 54.3% of the cardiac procedures performed in patients of at least 70 years of age and 14.2% in patients of 80 years or older. However, mortality remained on the same low level or even decreased slightly over the last decade ([Fig. 2]). The rate of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedures decreased over the past years while the relative number of off-pump CABG showed no relevant variation (2014: 15.3%, 2013: 15.5%) ([Fig. 3]).
Since 2004, more than 50% of isolated mitral valve procedures were reconstructions. In 2014, the mitral valve reconstruction rate was 65.7% ([Fig. 8]). Based on the fact that all isolated mitral valve procedures are included in this registry, these data have to be interpreted with caution. Regardless of the underlying valve disease/morphology or urgency of operation, it has to be assumed that the relative rate of mitral valve reconstruction would certainly be even higher if patients without possibility or indication for reconstruction would have been excluded (e.g., mitral valve stenosis, calcifications, or endocarditis). In other publications, [26] patients with mitral valve stenosis, endocarditis, and emergency procedures were excluded.
The continued increase of left ventricular assist device implantations ([Fig. 10]) emphasizes the increasing relevance of mechanical circulatory support.
Again a remarkable trend is the still ongoing increase of TAVI procedures in Germany ([Fig. 5]), while the number of isolated aortic valve replacement procedures remained on a nearly unchanged level. Starting in 2006 with just 78 implantations (0.67% of isolated aortic valve procedures), in 2014 a total of 8,631 (42.3%) TAVIs were reported to the registry. It must be emphasized that the 78 institutions which contribute their data to this registry do not represent all departments performing TAVI in Germany. It is well known that some additional institutions in Germany perform TAVI procedures under different infrastructure conditions and various external cooperations. This practice does not correlate to the recommendations of the European guideline[27] on the management of valvular heart disease. Considering this background, on January 22, 2015, the Federal Joint Committee (G-BA)—as the highest decision-making body of the joint self-government in Germany—issued the first version of the quality assurance directive for “minimal invasive heart valve interventions (TAVI, Mitral Clip reconstruction)” in which obligatory structures, defined processes, and qualified personnel are exactly specified.[28]
In addition, the short-, mid-, and long-term results of the German Aortic Valve Registry (GARY)[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33] and the annual analyses of the legal quality assurance (§137 SGB V) are of outstanding patient benefit.
Discussion
The registry of the GSTCVS enables a comprehensive overview of all cardiac surgical procedures performed in Germany during 2014. The accuracy of this registry is considered to be high due to the implemented compilation algorithm using standardized operation coding as a relevant criterion for reimbursement purposes. This is supported by other authors who could demonstrate a high accuracy for major outcome parameters in unaudited registries.[30] In continuation with previous years, it can be concluded that cardiac surgery in Germany is performed on a constantly high level with high in-hospital survival rates compared with other international registries. This conclusion is especially important in an era of demographic change of the German population, resulting in a continuous increase of patient age and related comorbidities, both leading to a higher preoperative risk profile.
Compared with 2013, the count of cardiac surgery procedures remains almost on the same level, which is partly due to the still increasing number of catheter-based heart valve procedures.
Further improvements in the basic configuration of the registry are recommended to enable a more detailed and particularly a risk-adjusted data analyses.[34] However, if significant structural changes of data collection for the registry are conducted, it must be ensured that data compatibility still allows further longitudinal data analysis.
Completeness, validity, and further developments will depend on continued efforts of the GSTCVS in close collaboration with all cardiac surgical units in Germany. This will be of outstanding importance in the sense of a contribution for patient safety and to adduce evidence for the quality of cardiac surgery in Germany.
Appendix: Tables and Figures
Table 1
Open heart procedures using extracorporeal circulation (2005–2014)
|
2005
|
2006
|
2007
|
2008
|
2009
|
2010
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
|
|
Units
|
79
|
80
|
80
|
79
|
80
|
79
|
78
|
79
|
79
|
78
|
|
Operations
|
91,967
|
91,057
|
91,618
|
89,773
|
86,916
|
84,686
|
84,402
|
84,388
|
84,040
|
83,787
|
|
Average per unit
|
1,164
|
1,138
|
1,145
|
1,136
|
1,086
|
1,072
|
1,082
|
1,068
|
1,064
|
1,074
|
Table 2
Cardiac surgery categories (comparison: 2014 vs. 2013)
|
Category
|
With ECC
|
Without ECC
|
Total
|
% change
|
|
Heart valve procedures
|
22,335
|
9,024
|
31,359
|
+ 5.7
|
|
Coronary artery bypass grafting
|
47,246
|
6,559
|
53,805
|
− 0.8
|
|
Surgery for congenital heart disease
|
4,755
|
1,024
|
5,779
|
+ 3.6
|
|
Surgery of thoracic aorta
|
7,117
|
638
|
7,755
|
+ 1.1
|
|
Cardiac surgery, other
|
1,172
|
1,302
|
2,474
|
− 5.5
|
|
Assist device procedures
|
760
|
2,150
|
2,910
|
+ 9.5
|
|
Pacemaker and ICD procedures
|
40
|
26,212
|
26,252
|
+ 2.0
|
|
Extracardiac surgery
|
362
|
56,696
|
57,058
|
+ 9.4
|
|
Total
|
83,787
|
103,605
|
187,392
|
+ 3.9
|
|
Abbreviation: ECC, extracorporeal circulation.
|
Table 3
Units assorted by volume categories (procedures with or without ECC)
|
Quantity of operations
|
< 500
|
500–999
|
1,000–1,499
|
1,500–1,999
|
2,000–5,000
|
|
Number of units
|
7
|
20
|
26
|
12
|
13
|
|
Average per unit
|
342
|
928
|
1,152
|
1,864
|
2,087
|
|
Min–Max
|
238–427
|
546–988
|
1,027–1,495
|
1,513–1,992
|
2,045–3,972
|
|
Abbreviation: ECC, extracorporeal circulation.
|
Table 4
Total number of units according to surgical procedures in 2014
|
Type of surgery performed
|
Number of units
|
|
Coronary artery bypass grafting
|
77
|
|
Heart valve surgery
|
77
|
|
Surgery for CHD in children <1 y with ECC
|
23a
|
|
Heart transplantation
|
21b
|
|
Heart–lung transplantation
|
5
|
|
Abbreviations: CHD, congenital heart disease; ECC, extracorporeal circulation.
a
n = 2,090 thereof: 7–19 procedures in 4 units, 23–47 procedures in 4 units, 59–90 procedures in 7 units, 104–296 procedures in 8 units.
b
n = 294: 58% of heart transplantations (HTx) in 2014 were performed by 6 of 21 units with ≥ 15 HTx per year; thereof: 1–3 HTx in 4 units, 5–9 HTx in 5 units, 12–18 HTx in 10 units, 21–85 HTx in 2 units.
|
Table 5
Additional data for cardiac procedures with ECC in 2014 and 2013
|
2014
|
2013
|
|
Emergency operations
|
12,583
|
12.0%
|
11,944
|
11.6%
|
|
Redo procedures
|
8,809
|
8.4%
|
8,284
|
8.1%
|
|
Note: The numbers in each category reflect procedures and not individual patients.
|
Table V1
Isolated valve procedures (categories)
|
Procedures
|
N
|
Deaths
|
%
|
|
Single
|
18,408
|
625
|
3.4
|
|
Double
|
3,288
|
314
|
9.5
|
|
Triple
|
372
|
50
|
13.4
|
|
Transcatheter access (single value)
|
9,184
|
386
|
4.2
|
|
Transcatheter access (double value)
|
10
|
1
|
10.0
|
|
Not specified
|
97
|
8
|
8.2
|
|
Total
|
31,359
|
998
|
3.2
|
|
Notes: Combined procedures (with coronary artery bypass grafting, aortic surgery) are excluded.
Transcatheter valve procedures: 8,631 aortic valve implantations; 91 mitral valve implantations; 457 mitral valve repairs; 3 tricuspid valve implantations; 2 tricuspidal valve repairs; 10 combined procedures, aortic and mitral valve procedure; no pulmonary valve implantation.
|
Table V2
Single valve procedures (access type)
|
Heart valve/access
|
N
|
Deaths
|
%
|
|
Aortic valve
|
|
Sternotomy
|
9,100
|
282
|
3.1
|
|
Partial sternotomy
|
2,781
|
43
|
1.5
|
|
Transvascular
|
5,570
|
184
|
3.3
|
|
Transapical
|
3,061
|
167
|
5.5
|
|
Mitral valve
|
|
Sternotomy
|
3,121
|
200
|
6.4
|
|
Minimal invasive
|
2,792
|
43
|
1.5
|
|
Transcatheter
|
548
|
33
|
6.0
|
|
Tricuspid valve
|
|
Sternotomy
|
428
|
50
|
11.7
|
|
Minimal invasive
|
133
|
6
|
4.5
|
|
Transcatheter
|
5
|
2
|
40.0
|
|
Pulmonary valve
|
|
Sternotomy
|
50
|
1
|
2.0
|
|
Minimal invasive
|
2
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
Transcatheter
|
0
|
0
|
–
|
|
Total
|
27,591
|
1,011
|
3.7
|
|
Notes: The absolute quantity of isolated aortic valve procedures via sternotomy remained on a constant level counting 11,881 in 2014 compared with 11,891 procedures in 2013.
A total of 2,792 (47.2%) mitral valve procedures were performed by a minimally invasive access.
Transcatheter procedures and apical aortic conduits procedures (n = 1) are not included.
|
Table V3
Isolated aortic valve procedures (prosthesis)
|
Prosthesis/native valve
|
N
|
Deaths
|
%
|
|
Mechanical prosthesis
|
1,360
|
29
|
2.1
|
|
Xenograft
|
10,375
|
292
|
2.8
|
|
Homograft
|
29
|
2
|
6.9
|
|
Reconstruction
|
117
|
2
|
1.7
|
|
Total
|
11,881
|
325
|
2.7
|
|
Notes: A total of 2,781 (23.4%) procedures were performed by a partial sternotomy. Transcatheter procedures and apical aortic conduits procedures (n = 1) are not included.
|
Table V4
Isolated mitral valve procedures (prosthesis)
|
Prosthesis/native valve
|
N
|
Deaths
|
%
|
|
Mechanical prosthesis
|
488
|
34
|
7.0
|
|
Xenograft
|
1,530
|
145
|
9.5
|
|
Homograft
|
8
|
1
|
12.5
|
|
Reconstruction
|
3,887
|
63
|
1.6
|
|
Total
|
5,913
|
243
|
4.1
|
|
Notes: A total of 2,792 (47.2%) were performed via minimally invasive access. Transcatheter procedures are excluded.
|
Table V5
Multiple valve procedures (categories)
|
Combination
|
N
|
Deaths
|
%
|
|
Aortic + mitral
|
1,335
|
144
|
10.8
|
|
Mitral + tricuspid
|
1,640
|
145
|
8.8
|
|
Aortic + tricuspid
|
220
|
22
|
10.0
|
|
Tricuspid + pulmonary
|
11
|
2
|
18.2
|
|
Aortic + pulmonarya
|
82
|
1
|
1.2
|
|
Aortic + mitral + tricuspid
|
369
|
49
|
13.3
|
|
Aortic + mitral + pulmonary
|
3
|
1
|
33.3
|
|
Total
|
3,660
|
364
|
9.9
|
|
Note: Transcatheter procedures are excluded.
aIncluding Ross procedures.
|
Table V6
Mitral valve surgery—implantation/replacement versus repair
|
Mitral valve surgery
|
N
|
Total deaths
|
% death
|
% repair
|
Implantation/replacement
|
Repair
|
|
N
|
Deaths
|
% death
|
N
|
Deaths
|
% death
|
|
Isolated
|
5,913
|
243
|
4.1
|
65.7
|
2,026
|
180
|
8.9
|
3,887
|
63
|
1.6
|
|
Mitral valve + aortic valve
|
1,335
|
144
|
10.8
|
47.0
|
707
|
104
|
14.7
|
628
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
Tricuspid valve repaira
|
1,602
|
137
|
8.6
|
65.5
|
552
|
1
|
0.2
|
1,050
|
81
|
7.7
|
|
CABG
|
2,630
|
256
|
9.7
|
70.1
|
787
|
124
|
15.8
|
1,843
|
132
|
7.2
|
|
CABG + aortic valve replacement
|
658
|
113
|
17.2
|
55.9
|
290
|
58
|
20.0
|
368
|
55
|
14.9
|
|
Total
|
12,138
|
893
|
7.4
|
64.1
|
4,362
|
467
|
10.7
|
7,776
|
331
|
4.3
|
|
aThirty-eight procedures (not specified mitral valve + tricuspid valve surgery) are excluded. Deaths: 21.1 (8/38).
|
Table V7
Transcatheter heart valve procedures
|
Total
|
Deaths
|
% death
|
With ECC
|
Without ECC
|
|
N
|
Deaths
|
N
|
Deaths
|
|
Aortic valve implantation
|
8,631
|
351
|
4.1
|
136
|
38
|
8,495
|
313
|
|
Transvascular
|
5,570
|
184
|
3.3
|
58
|
18
|
5,512
|
166
|
|
Transapical
|
3,061
|
167
|
5.5
|
78
|
20
|
2,983
|
147
|
|
Mitral valve
|
548
|
33
|
6.0
|
30
|
7
|
518
|
26
|
|
Repair
|
457
|
19
|
4.2
|
21
|
1
|
436
|
18
|
|
Implantation
|
91
|
14
|
15.4
|
9
|
6
|
82
|
8
|
|
Tricuspid valve repair
|
5
|
2
|
40.0
|
0
|
−
|
5
|
2
|
|
Repair
|
2
|
1
|
50.0
|
0
|
−
|
2
|
1
|
|
Implantation
|
3
|
1
|
33.3
|
0
|
−
|
3
|
1
|
|
Aortic + mitral valve implantation
|
10
|
1
|
10.0
|
4
|
0
|
6
|
1
|
|
Aortic valve implantationa + CABG
|
46
|
12
|
26.1
|
17
|
6
|
29
|
6
|
|
Mitral valve implantationb + CABG
|
2
|
1
|
50.0
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
|
Total
|
9,242
|
400
|
4.3
|
188
|
52
|
9,054
|
348
|
|
Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; ECC, extracorporeal circulation.
Notes: Pulmonary valve implantations for the correction of congenital heart defects are not included; no procedure for adults without congenital lesion was reported; 35.5% of transcatheter aortic valve implantations (TAVIs) were performed by transapical access; 1.6% of TAVI procedures were performed using ECC.
It has to be assumed that use of ECC is mostly an emergent procedure in a life-threatening situation for the patient resulting in an observed mortality of 27.9% in this group. Nevertheless, this underlines the necessity of well-defined directives including infrastructure, processes, and qualified employees for invasive heart valve procedures (e.g., TAVI).
aFemoral, subclavian, or transaortic access.
bTransvascular and transapical access.
|
Table C1
Isolated CABG and combined procedures with ECC
|
Procedures
|
N
|
Deaths
|
%
|
|
CABG
|
40,006
|
1,042
|
2.6
|
|
CABG +
|
|
Aortic valve replacement
|
7,809
|
382
|
4.9
|
|
Mitral valve repair
|
1,843
|
132
|
7.2
|
|
Mitral valve replacement
|
787
|
124
|
15.8
|
|
Aortic valve replacement + mitral valve repair
|
368
|
55
|
14.9
|
|
Aortic + mitral valve replacement
|
290
|
58
|
20.0
|
|
Aneurysmal resection
|
152
|
5
|
3.3
|
|
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation
|
46
|
12
|
26.1
|
|
TMLR
|
0
|
–
|
–
|
|
Other
|
2,502
|
131
|
5.2
|
|
Total
|
53,803
|
1,941
|
3.6
|
|
Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; ECC, extracorporeal circulation; TMLR, transmyocardial laser revascularization.
|
Table C2
Isolated CABG with ECC
|
Number of grafts
|
N
|
Deaths
|
%
|
|
Single
|
1,193
|
63
|
5.3
|
|
Double
|
7,146
|
243
|
3.4
|
|
Triple
|
15,018
|
401
|
2.7
|
|
Quadruple
|
8,099
|
182
|
2.2
|
|
Quintuple + more
|
2,422
|
54
|
2.2
|
|
Total
|
33,878
|
943
|
2.8
|
|
Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; ECC, extracorporeal circulation.
|
Table C3
Isolated CABG off-pump
|
Number of grafts
|
N
|
Deaths
|
%
|
|
Single
|
1,361
|
17
|
1.2
|
|
Double
|
1,765
|
42
|
2.4
|
|
Triple
|
2,092
|
29
|
1.4
|
|
Quadruple
|
751
|
8
|
1.1
|
|
Quintuple + more
|
159
|
3
|
1.9
|
|
Total
|
6,128
|
99
|
1.6
|
|
Abbreviation: CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting.
|
Table Con1
Congenital heart surgery with/without ECC
|
Age (y)
|
N
|
Deaths
|
%
|
|
Without ECC
|
|
≥ 18
|
37
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
1–17
|
195
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
< 1
|
792
|
24
|
3.0
|
|
Total
|
1024
|
24
|
2.3
|
|
With ECC
|
|
≥ 18
|
934
|
26
|
2.8
|
|
1 to 17
|
1731
|
11
|
0.6
|
|
< 1
|
2090
|
59
|
2.8
|
|
Total
|
4755
|
96
|
2.0
|
|
Abbreviation: ECC, extracorporeal circulation.
|
Table Con2
Procedures for congenital heart disease with and without ECC
|
Lesion
|
Age < 1 y
|
Age 1–17 y
|
Age ≥18 y
|
|
N
|
Deaths
|
%
|
N
|
Deaths
|
%
|
N
|
Deaths
|
%
|
|
ASD
|
52
|
1
|
1.9
|
263
|
0
|
0.0
|
266
|
4
|
1.5
|
|
Complete AV-canal
|
193
|
6
|
3.1
|
77
|
2
|
2.6
|
24
|
1
|
4.2
|
|
VSD
|
318
|
3
|
0.9
|
89
|
0
|
0.0
|
18
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
Fallot tetralogy
|
202
|
2
|
1.0
|
30
|
1
|
3.3
|
1
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
DORV
|
49
|
0
|
0.0
|
23
|
1
|
4.3
|
0
|
–
|
–
|
|
TGA
|
142
|
2
|
1.4
|
6
|
0
|
0.0
|
0
|
–
|
–
|
|
TGA + VSD
|
62
|
2
|
3.2
|
17
|
0
|
0.0
|
1
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
Truncus arteriosus
|
42
|
2
|
4.8
|
5
|
0
|
0.0
|
0
|
–
|
–
|
|
Fontan
|
1
|
0
|
0.0
|
232
|
1
|
0.4
|
6
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
Norwood
|
160
|
19
|
11.9
|
0
|
–
|
–
|
0
|
–
|
–
|
|
Pulmonary valve
|
58
|
1
|
1.7
|
249
|
0
|
0.0
|
86
|
1
|
1.2
|
|
Transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation
|
0
|
–
|
–
|
7
|
0
|
0.0
|
14
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
Aortic valve
|
59
|
0
|
0.0
|
215
|
0
|
0.0
|
304
|
9
|
3.0
|
|
Ross procedure
|
10
|
3
|
30.0
|
27
|
0
|
0.0
|
13
|
1
|
7.7
|
|
Mitral valve
|
48
|
0
|
0.0
|
111
|
1
|
0.9
|
88
|
6
|
6.8
|
|
Tricuspid valve
|
88
|
1
|
1.1
|
70
|
0
|
0.0
|
42
|
4
|
9.5
|
|
PDA
|
251
|
5
|
2.0
|
13
|
0
|
0.0
|
2
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
Coarctation
|
202
|
1
|
0.5
|
35
|
0
|
0.0
|
9
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
Heart transplant
|
4
|
0
|
0.0
|
25
|
0
|
0.0
|
0
|
–
|
–
|
|
Heart + lung transplant
|
0
|
–
|
–
|
0
|
–
|
–
|
0
|
–
|
–
|
|
Lung transplant
|
0
|
–
|
–
|
10
|
–
|
0.0
|
0
|
–
|
–
|
|
Others
|
962
|
35
|
3.6
|
451
|
6
|
1.3
|
97
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
Total
|
2903
|
83
|
2.9
|
1955
|
12
|
0.6
|
971
|
26
|
2.7
|
|
Abbreviations: ASD, atrial septal defect; DORV, double outlet right ventricle; ECC, extracorporeal circulation; PDA, persistant ductus arteriosus; TGA, transposition of great arteries; VSD, ventricular septal defect.
|
Table Mis1
Ross procedures (age groups)
|
Autologous AVR and PVR
|
2005
|
2006
|
2007
|
2008
|
2009
|
2010
|
2011
|
2012
|
2013
|
2014
|
|
In patients ≥ 18 y
|
235
|
228
|
261
|
207
|
175
|
184
|
134
|
117
|
107
|
90
|
|
In patients < 18 y
|
46
|
50
|
34
|
42
|
54
|
43
|
40
|
36
|
33
|
37
|
|
Total
|
281
|
278
|
295
|
249
|
229
|
227
|
174
|
153
|
140
|
127
|
Table Mis2
Heart and lung transplantation
|
With ECC
|
Without ECC
|
|
N
|
Deaths
|
%
|
N
|
Deaths
|
%
|
|
HTx
|
294
|
33
|
11.2
|
|
|
|
|
HLTx
|
9
|
4
|
44.4
|
|
|
|
|
LTx
|
62
|
7
|
11.3
|
244
|
13
|
5.3
|
|
Abbreviation: ECC, extracorporeal circulation.
Notes: All pediatric transplantations (demonstrated in table Con3) are included in this table.
Eurotransplant (ET) has reported for the same period 292 heart transplantations (HTx), 3 heart + kidney transplantations, 0 heart + liver transplantations, 9 heart–lung transplantations (HLTx), 296 double lung (DLTx), 46 single lung transplantations (SLTx), 0 lung + kidney transplantations, and 1 lung + liver transplantations.
|
Table Mis3
Aortic surgery
|
Replacementa
|
With ECC
|
Without ECC
|
|
N
|
Deaths
|
%
|
N
|
Deaths
|
%
|
|
Supracoronary ascending aorta
|
1,560
|
118
|
7.6
|
|
|
|
|
Supracoronary ascending aorta+ AVR
|
1,218
|
47
|
3.9
|
|
|
|
|
Infracoronary ascending aorta
|
|
Mechanical heart valve conduits
|
456
|
22
|
4.8
|
|
|
|
|
Biological heart valve conduits
|
891
|
98
|
11.0
|
|
|
|
|
David procedure
|
493
|
7
|
1.4
|
|
|
|
|
Yacoub procedure
|
117
|
7
|
6.0
|
|
|
|
|
Other
|
267
|
15
|
5.6
|
|
|
|
|
Aortic archb
|
1,968
|
241
|
12.2
|
|
|
|
|
Descending aorta
|
68
|
14
|
20.6
|
6
|
1
|
16.7
|
|
Thoracoabdominal aorta
|
76
|
10
|
13.2
|
18
|
7
|
38.9
|
|
Endostent descending aorta
|
3
|
1
|
33.3
|
614
|
35
|
5.7
|
|
Total
|
7,117
|
580
|
8.1
|
638
|
43
|
6.7
|
|
Notes: All procedures involving aortic surgery are included in this table (Isolated and all possible combined procedures, e.g., additional coronary artery bypass grafting).
aProcedures for abdominal aortic diseases are not included: 549 abdominal procedures and 609 endovascular abdominal stents.
bAll possible combined procedures are included in this category; the only common denominator is aortic arch surgery.
|
Table Mis4
Pacemaker and ICD procedures
|
Device/category
|
N
|
Deaths
|
% death
|
With ECC
|
Without ECC
|
|
N
|
Deaths
|
N
|
Deaths
|
|
Pacemaker
|
14,398
|
97
|
0.7
|
14
|
3
|
14,384
|
94
|
|
Implantation
|
9,299
|
67
|
0.7
|
0
|
0
|
9,299
|
67
|
|
Battery exchange
|
2,033
|
0
|
0.0
|
0
|
0
|
2,033
|
0
|
|
Revision
|
3,066
|
30
|
1.0
|
14
|
3
|
3,052
|
27
|
|
ICD
|
10,104
|
73
|
0.7
|
25
|
4
|
10,079
|
69
|
|
Implantation
|
4,660
|
17
|
0.4
|
0
|
0
|
4,660
|
17
|
|
Battery exchange
|
2,031
|
4
|
0.2
|
0
|
0
|
2,031
|
4
|
|
Revision
|
3,413
|
52
|
1.5
|
25
|
4
|
3,388
|
48
|
|
Miscellaneous
|
1,750
|
10
|
0.6
|
1
|
1
|
1,749
|
9
|
|
Total
|
26,252
|
180
|
0.7
|
40
|
8
|
26,212
|
172
|
Table Mis5
Surgical ablation procedures for arrhythmia
|
Total
|
Endocardiac (n)
|
Epicardiac (n)
|
|
Energy source
|
|
|
|
|
Unipolar radiofrequency
|
205
|
92
|
113
|
|
Unipolar cryo-radiofrequency
|
329
|
201
|
128
|
|
Bipolar radiofrequency
|
2,396
|
312
|
2,084
|
|
Cryothermy
|
1,760
|
1,464
|
296
|
|
Microwave
|
17
|
4
|
13
|
|
Focused ultrasound
|
224
|
28
|
196
|
|
Laser
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
Other
|
20
|
7
|
13
|
|
Total
|
4,951
|
2,108
|
2,843
|
|
Notes: All isolated ablation procedures and all possible combination of procedures (e.g., coronary artery bypass grafting + ablation) are included. A total of 484 procedures are not specified with regard to endocardiac/epicardiac ablation.
|
Fig. 1 Cardiac surgery in Germany (2005–2014). (1) Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and combinations: all types of isolated coronary surgery with or without extracorporeal circulation (ECC) and any combined procedure. (2) Heart valve procedures: all types of isolated heart valve surgery; heart valve procedures in combination with aortic surgery are summarized in the miscellaneous group. (3) Congenital heart surgery: all procedures with or without ECC; atrial septal defect repair in adults in combination with CABG or heart valve surgery are summarized in the CABG or heart valve surgery group. (4) Miscellaneous procedures: all other types of procedures with ECC.
Fig. 2 Unadjusted mortality for selected procedures (2005–2014).
Fig. 3 Isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (2005–2014). The quantity of coronary artery bypass procedures declined since the year 2005 while the CABG off-pump procedures reached a nearly constant level of 15.3%.
Fig. 4 Isolated aortic valve replacement (2005–2014). The use of xenografts continuously increased till 2008 and reached a stable count since then. AVR implanting mechanical prosthesis decreased over the past 10 years. The observed difference in patients' mortality was probably based on the difference in age pattern and related comorbidities (Ross procedure, homograft implantations, and transcatheter aortic valve implantation are excluded).
Fig. 5 Isolated AVR and transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). The figure shows a stable quantity of AVR procedures and a continuous increase of TAVI. In 2014, 8,631 TAVI were reported to the voluntary registry of the GSTCVS; however, this number does not represent all TAVI procedures performed in Germany in 2014. +Additional patients with TAVI procedures calculated from the German legal quality assurance program, § 137 SGB V.
Fig. 6 Age distribution of cardiac procedures (2005–2014). In 2014, 54.3% of the patients are at least 70 years (patients < 20 years and ICD/pacemaker procedures excluded).
Fig. 7 Procedures timing (2005 vs. 2014).
Fig. 8 Isolated mitral valve surgery (2005–2014). In 2014, 65.7% MV reconstructions and 34.3% MV replacements were performed. Two decades ago, the repair rate was only 21%.
Fig. 9 Age distribution for congenital heart surgery (2005–2014). There are no relevant changes over the past 10 years. However, there may be a bias because not all relevant procedures can be allocated clearly to the congenital heart surgery category for patients older than 18 years (e.g., aortic valve disease).
Fig. 10 Development of mechanical circulatory support (2005–-2014). Continuous increase of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantations. However, the number of implanted paracorporeal biventricular assist devices (BVAD) decreases furthermore and the count of total artificial heart implantations (TAH) dropped down to 15 in 2014.
Table V1 has been corrected in the above article as per erratum published online on June 10, 2015. DOI of erratum is: 10.1055/s-0035-1556566.
