Identifying Human Teratogens: An Update

References
1 Gregg NM. Congenital cataract following German measles in the mother. 1941. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 1991; 19 (4) 267-276
2 McBride WG. Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities. Lancet 1961; 278 (7216) 1358
3 Wilson JG. Experimental studies on congenital malformations. J Chronic Dis 1959; 10 (2) 111-130
4 Feldkamp M, Carey JC. Clinical teratology counseling and consultation case report: low dose methotrexate exposure in the early weeks of pregnancy. Teratology 1993; 47 (6) 533-539
5 Lie RT, Wilcox AJ, Taylor J , et al. Maternal smoking and oral clefts: the role of detoxification pathway genes. Epidemiology 2008; 19 (4) 606-615
6 Feldkamp ML, Alder SC, Carey JC. A case control population-based study investigating smoking as a risk factor for gastroschisis in Utah, 1997-2005. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2008; 82 (11) 768-775
7 Zeiger JS, Beaty TH, Liang KY. Oral clefts, maternal smoking, and TGFA: a meta-analysis of gene-environment interaction. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2005; 42 (1) 58-63
8 Shaw GM, Iovannisci DM, Yang W , et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) genetic variants, maternal smoking, vitamin use, and risk of human orofacial clefts. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 162 (12) 1207-1214
9 Wlodarczyk BJ, Palacios AM, Chapa CJ, Zhu H, George TM, Finnell RH. Genetic basis of susceptibility to teratogen induced birth defects. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2011; 157C (3) 215-226
10 Zhu H, Kartiko S, Finnell RH. Importance of gene-environment interactions in the etiology of selected birth defects. Clin Genet 2009; 75 (5) 409-423
11 Friedman JM. How do we know if an exposure is actually teratogenic in humans?. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2011; 157C (3) 170-174