Key words
serum miR-21 - diabetic nephropathy - structure and function - diagnostic biomarker
Abbreviations
DN: Diabetic nephropathy
ACR: urine albumin creatinine ratio
Ccr: creatinine clearance ratio
AntagomiR-21: miR-21 antagonist
GBM: glomerular basement membrane
GA: glomerular area
CCF: content of collagen fibers
Introduction
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a chronic, progressive process that ultimately leads
to renal fibrosis and end-stage renal failure, a devastating disorder that requires
dialysis or kidney transplantation [1]
[2]
[3]. KK-Ay mouse was considered suitable as a polygenic model for human type-2 diabetes
mellitus and was produced by transferring the yellow obese gene (Ay allele) into the KK-Ay/Ta mice. Renal lesions in KK-Ay mice closely resembled human
DN, which develop marked high glucose, albuminuria and renal fibrosis [4].
MicroRNAs (miRs) are endogenous non-coding small RNA, 20–22 nucleotides in length,
which bind to the 3’-UTR of target genes, thereby, repress translation and/or induce
degradation of target gene mRNAs [5]. Increasing evidences have indicated that miRNAs play significant roles in many diseases
including diabetes mellitus and its complications [6]. For example, miR-29 aggravates insulin resistance and inhibits fibrosis [7]
[8]. miR-377 can lead to increased fibronectin production in DN [9]. miR-451 regulates p38 MAPK signaling by targeting of Ywhaz and suppresses the mesangial
hypertrophy in early DN [10]. miR-503 contributes to diabetes mellitus-induced impairment of endothelial function
and reparative angiogenesis after limb ischemia [11]. miR-192 may be a critical downstream mediator of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling in the development
of renal fibrosis [12]. Recent reports have documented that miR-21 plays a crucial role in DN and kidney
fibrotic diseases [13]
[14]. For example, miR-21 expression was increased in kidney biopsies from diabetic patients
and DN mice [15]. miR-21 expression increases rapidly in cultured murine podocytes after exposure
to TGF-β1 and is higher in kidneys of TGF-β1-transgenic mice than wild-type mice [16]. MiR-21 orchestrates high glucose-induced signals to TOR complex-1, resulting in
renal cell pathology in diabetes [17]. miR-21 promotes fibrosis of the kidney by silencing metabolic pathways [18]. miR-21 protects from mesangial cell proliferation induced by DN in db/db mice [19]. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that miR-21 is a key therapeutic target
for DN and renal fibrosis [14]
[20]. Increased circulating miR-21 levels are associated with kidney fibrosis [21]. More importantly, our previous experiments showed that miR-21 was extensively distrubuted
in renal tubular epithilial cells of cortical kidneys in DN mice, miR-21 overexpression
promoted renal fibrosis by enhancing TGF-β1-induced EMT [22]
[23]. However, whether serum miR-21 was as a potential diagnostic biomarker for DN and
relationship between serum miR-21 and tissue miR-21 in DN remained unclear.
The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between serum miR-21 and tissue
miR-21, and to explore whether serum miR-21 was a novel diagnostic biomarker of DN.
The results suggest that both serum miR-21 was closely associated with renal structure
and function, and serum miR-21 may be as a novel diagnostic biomarker for DN.
Materials and Methods
Animals and diabetic nephropathy models
Male C57BL/6J (12 weeks of age, 24 mice) and KK-Ay mice (12 weeks of age, 48 mice)
from Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Beijing, China) were individually housed
in plastic cages with free access to food and water throughout the experiment. All
mice were maintained in the same room under conventional conditions with a regular
12-h light/dark cycle with the temperature controlled at 24°C±1°C. To induce DN, C57BL/6J
mice were fed by common forage (12% fat, 60% carbohydrate, and 28% protein), KK-Ay
mice received research diets (58% fat, 25.6% carbohydrate, and 16.4% protein) for
4 weeks, random blood glucose (RBG) was checked by a portable glucometer from tail
vein of each animal, C57BL/6J mice were classified as normal control group (NC group,
n=20), KK-Ay mice were considered DN when their RBG was≥300 mg/dl (16.7 mmol/l) and
ACR (urine albumin creatine ratio) was≥300 ug/mg were detected, KK-Ay mice were considered
as DN model suitable for human type-2 diabetes mellitus [4]. KK-Ay mice were randomly divided into DN model group (DN group, n=24), which were
injected intraperitoneally with non-targeting negative control sequences and DN with
antagomiR-21 treatment group (antagomiR-21 treatment group, n=24), which were injected
intraperitoneally with antagomiR-21 (the antagonist of miR-21, 30mg/kg/d, Ribobio,
China) for 8 weeks. Antagomir is a miRNA antagonist, which binds with mature miRNA
in the body. Antagomir prevents miRNA and its target gene mRNA complementary pairing,
and restrains the action of miRNA [24]. Renal tissue and serum samples were derived from 5 mice at every 4 weeks in each
group for later use. Renal tissue from each mouse for western blot, RT-PCR, Masson,
Picro-sirius red, electron microscope and light microscopy, respectively. Experiment
protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Biochemical assays
Serum creatinine (SCr) and body weight was measured at 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks of
age. Urinary albumin and creatinine were measured by immunoassay (DCA 2000 system,
Germany). Urinary albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) was calculated as: ACR=urinary albumin
(μg)/urinary creatinine (mg). Creatinine clearance (Ccr) ratio was calculated using
the following equation [1]: Ccr (mL min−1kg−1)=[urinary Cr (mg dL−1)×urinary volume (mL)/serum Cr (mg dL−1)]×[1 000/body weight (g)]×[1/1 440 (min)] [25].
Light and electron microscopy
Tissue for light microscopy was fixed in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin and then
embedded in paraffin. 4-micrometer-thick sections were processed for hematoxylin-eosin
staining by light microscopy. Tissues for electron microscope were fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde
in 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer at 4°C for 120 min. Ultrathin sections were collected
on 100-mesh copper grids and double stained with 4% uranyl acetate and lead citrate.
The sections were examined with a Hitachi 7 100 transmission electron microscope.
Morphologic analyses were performed by an experienced pathologist who was blinded
to the source of the tissue.
Transfection of cultured HKCs
To investigate the role of miR-21 in normal human kidney tubular epithelial cells
(HKCs), obtained from Chinese Type Culture Collection (CTCC), we performed miR-21
transfection experiments, and cells were seeded at a density of 2×104 cells/cm2 in serum-free DMEM/F12. In this study, cells were divided into the following groups:
cells without transfection were used as blank control group. Cells transfected with
miR-control lentivirus vector were used as miR-control group. Cells transfected with
miR-21 over-expression (pre-miR-21) lentivirus vector were used as miR-21 over-expression
group (pre-miR-21 group). Cells transfected with miR-21 inhibitor lentivirus vector
were used as miR-21 inhibitor group. After 12 h transfection, the medium was changed
and the HKCs were incubated with fresh serum-containing medium for another 48 h. In
our experiment, the most appropriate multiplicity of infection (MOI) for HKCs equals
to 30, all the transfected cells were measured and sorted 48 h later according to
the green fluorescent protein (GFP) intensity by flow cytometry, and the transfection
efficiency was above 97%. The entire abovementioned lentivirus vector was custom-synthesized
by Shanghai Genechem Co., Ltd, China. After 3 days of culturing, cells were harvested
for RNA or protein isolation.
Luciferase reporter gene assays
To examine whether miR-21 regulates the expression of smad7, we transiently transfected
miR-control plasmid, wild-type or mutant luciferase-smad7–3’UTR reporter) and miR-21
over-expressing plasmid into 40–50% confluent T293 cells (Genechem, Shanghai, China),
which grown in a 24-well plate. The cells were harvested 48 h after transfection,
and luciferase activity was measured with a dual luciferase reporter assay kit (Promega,
Madison, WI, USA) on a luminometer (Lumat LB9507).
Real-time RT-PCR analysis
For analysis of serum and renal tissue miR-21 expression, TaqMan miRNA assays (Applied
Biosystems, California, and USA) were used for quantitative determination of miR-21
expression according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The relative expression was
normalized to the expression of U6 RNA (Applied Biosystems). Relative fold changes
of gene expression were calculated by the CT method and the values are expressed as
2−ΔΔCt. All Real-time RT-PCRs were performed in duplicate.
Western blot analysis
Renal tissues were lysed in RIPA buffer with protease inhibitors (Roche). Protein
concentrations were determined by bicinchoninic assay (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford,
IL, USA). Proteins were separated on 10% SDS-PAGE gels under reducing conditions and
transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. The membranes was performed with
rabbit polyclonal to col-IV antibody (Abcam) and polyclonal to Col-I antibody (Abcam),
and then with secondary antibodies (1:5000, Roche), Membranes were stripped and reprobed
with β-actin antibody (Sigma) and secondary antibody for data normalization.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were performed by one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni multiple
comparison test (for comparison of more than 2 groups) or Student t test (for comparison
of 2 groups) and correlated analysis by Pearson’s correlation test. A probability
value of <0.05 was considered significant.
Results
Relationship between serum miR-21 and tissue miR-21
To explore the relationship between serum miR-21 and renal tissue miR-21, we measured
serum miR-21 and renal tissue miR-21 by real-time quantitative RT-PCR at different
weeks of age. At 12 weeks of age, serum miR-21 was initially increased (p<0.05). With
the progress of DN, serum miR-21 level was further elevated until 24 weeks of age
([Fig. 1a]. p<0.05). Interestingly, the alterations of serum miR-21 were significantly consistent
with the expressions of renal tissue miR-21([Fig. 1b, c] p<0.05). More importantly, serum miR-21 was positively correlated with tissue miR-21
expression by Pearson correlation analysis ([Fig. 1d], r=0.894, p<0.05). Next, to clarify whether antagomiR-21 decreased the expressions
of serum and tissue miR-21, KK-Ay DN mice were injected intraperitoneally with antagomiR-21,
we found that serum and tissue miR-21 were significantly decreased in antagomiR-21
group compared with DN group ([Fig. 1a, b] p<0.05). Taken together, our results suggested that circulating serum miR-21 may
reflect the changes of tissue miR-21.
Fig. 1 Relationship between serum miR-21 and tissue miR-21. a Compared with NC group, from 12 to 24 weeks of age, the expression of serum miR-21
was significantly increased in DN group. After the treatment of antagomiR-21, serum
miR-21 was remarkably decreased (P<0.05). b with the progress of DN, the expression of renal tissue miR-21 was significantly
increased in DN group. After the treatment of antagomiR-21, miR-21 expression was
remarkably decreased (P<0.05). c The altered trends of renal tissue miR-21 were significantly consistent with serum
miR-21. d serum miR-21 was positively correlated with tissue miR-21 expression (r=0.894, p<0.05).
Relationship between serum miR-21 and renal function
To evaluate the relationship between serum miR-21 and ACR/Ccr, and to further elucidate
whether serum miR-21 could be as a novel diagnostic biomarker for DN, the changes of ACR and Ccr were examined. With the progress of DN (from 16 to 24
weeks of age), ACR began to increase and Ccr began to decline ([Fig. 2a, b]). Additionally, antagomiR-21 was able to significantly decrease ACR and increase
Ccr ([Fig. 2a, b] p<0.05). Interestingly, serum miR-21 expression was positively correlated with ACR
([Fig. 2c], r=0.970, P=0.006) and negatively correlated with Ccr ([Fig. 2d], r=−0.950, P<0.01). Importantly, we found that antagomiR-21 can decrease the levels
of ACR and increase the levels of Ccr ([Fig. 2a, b], p<0.05), Thus, our results suggested that serum miR-21 was closely associated with
the markers of renal function (ACR and Ccr), and that serum miR-21 may be as a novel
diagnostic biomarker for DN.
Fig. 2 Relationship between serum miR-21 and renal function (ACR and Ccr). a Compared with NC group, ACR was increased in DN control group (P<0.05). After the treatment of antagomiR-21, ACR was decreased (P<0.05). b Compared with NC group, Ccr was decreased in DN control group (P<0.05). After the treatment of antagomiR-21, Ccr was increased (P<0.05). c serum miR-21 was positively correlated with ACR (P<0.05). d serum miR-21 was negatively correlated with Ccr (P<0.05).
Relationship between serum miR-21 and morphological changes
Numerous studies demonstrated that key characteristics of DN are characterized by
glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickened and mesangial matrix hyperplasia [1]. Here, to evaluate the relationship between serum miR-21 and morphological changes
at 24 weeks of age, renal morphology was observed by light and electronic microscopy
(EM) ([Fig. 3a]). We found that GBM is normal and glomerular foot process is slender and tidy in
control group. In contrast, GBM (145±20.4 vs. 100±18.6 nm) thickened, foot process
partly fused and structure disordered in DN group. Furthermore, compared with NC group,
glomerular area (GA, 51.2±2.4 vs. 32.9±3.6 um2, P<0.05) increased, GBM (145±20.4 vs. 100±18.6 nm, P<0.05) thickened in DN group.
Interestingly, the level of serum miR-21 was positively correlated with GBM and GA
(Pearson correlation, rGBM=0.770, rGA=0.630, P<0.05). Importantly, antagomiR-21 decreased GBM and GA ([Fig. 3c, d]). Taken together, the results suggested that serum miR-21 may be associated with
the morphological changes of DN, whereas, antagomiR-21 ameliorated renal morphology in diabetic kidneys.
Fig. 3 Morphological changes of renal tissue sections at 24 weeks of age. a GBM thickened and mesangial matrix hyperplasia in DN control group, after the treatment
of antagomiR-21, the changes of renal structure were obviously improved. b Compared with NC group, GA and GBM were significantly increased in DN group, after
the treatment of antagomiR-21, GA and GBM was slightly but significantly decreased.
Light microscopy×400. Electron microscopy (EM)×20 000.
Serum miR-21 was closely associated with collagen fibers
Collagen fibers(CFs) are the most important ingredients comprised of the glomerulus
such GBM and mesangial matrix, but the deposition of excessive CFs altered renal structure,
and adversely affects renal function [26]. To determine the relationship between serum miR-21 and CFs, we examined CFs by
Picrosirius red and Masson staining, respectively. Picrosirius red staining by polarized
light microcopy showed that CFs was bright yellow or orange (col-I for red or yellow,
col-IV for light yellow ([Fig. 4a]). Similarly, Masson staining showed that a large number of CFs were primarily deposited
in GBM, mesangial region and renal interstitial region in DN group compared with NC
group ([Fig. 4a]). Next, to discriminate the collagen type, the expression of col-I and col-IV were
examined by western blot, we found that col-IV and col-I was remarkably increased
in DN group compared with NC group ([Fig. 4c, d]). Interestingly, serum miR-21 was positively correlated with the protein of col-IV
rather than correlated with col-I (Pearson correlation, rcol-IV=0.870, P<0.05, rcol-I=0.39, P>0.05). Importantly, after KK-Ay DN mice were injected intraperitoneally with
antagomiR-21, the content of collagen fibers (CCF) and col-IV were decreased, instead
of col-I. ([Fig. 4a–d]). overall, these results suggested serum miR-21 was closely associated with excessive
deposition of collagen fibers, especially for col-IV.
Fig. 4 Serum miR-21 was closely associated with collagen fibers at 24 weeks of age. a yellow or orange staining represented for CFs by Picro-sirius red staining and blue
staining represented for CFs by Masson staining. b Quantitative analysis of CCF by Picro-sirius red and Masson staining, mean optical
density (MOD) value of CFs was markedly increased in DN group compared with NC group.
After the treatment of antagomiR-21, CFs was slightly but significantly decreased.
c Western blotting band of col-IV and col-I protein. d Quantification of col-IV and col-I for western blotting results. The grey value of
col-IV and col-I was markedly increased in DN group compared with NC group. After
the treatment of antagomiR-21, col-IV was significantly decreased, whereas col-I was
not changed. Light microscopy ×400.
miR-21 overexpression decreased target smad7 expression
As described above, serum miR-21 was closely associated with renal structure and function
of DN. then, miR-21 was how to affect DN. According to TargetScan database (http://www.targetscan.org/), smad7, but not col-IV and col-I, was a potential target of miR-21 ([Fig. 5a]). Interestingly, kidney-targeting Smad7 gene transfer may be an effective therapy
for type-2 DN, acting via simultaneous modulation of the TGF-β/Smads and NF-κB signalling
pathways [27]. Smad7 suppresses renal fibrosis via altering expression of TGF-β/Smad3-regulated
miRNA [28]. Therefore, to further confirm whether smad7 was a validated miR-21 target, we performed
the luciferase report gene assays. The results exhibited that wild-type(WT)-luciferase-Smad7-3’UTR
reporter gene for luciferase activity was remarkably decreased compared with mutant
type(MT)-luciferase-Smad7-3’UTR reporter and miR-control plasmid, suggested that smad7
was a validated miR-21 target ([Fig. 5b], p<0.05). Next, to investigate whether miR-21 over-expression and inhibitor on smad7
protein, HKCs were transfected with miR-control, miR-21 over-expression and miR-21
inhibitor lentivirus vector, the results demonstrated that miR-21 over-expression
significantly decreased smad7 protein in vitro by Immunofluorescence cell chemistry
(ICC) ([Fig. 5c, d], P<0.05). In contrast, miR-21 inhibitor significantly increased smad7 protein ([Fig. 5c, d], P<0.05). Taken together, our data exhibited that miR-21 was involved in renal injury
of DN by directly down-regulating smad7, and that smad7 was a validated miR-21 target.
Fig. 5 miR-21 overexpression decreased target smad7 expression. a Alignment of hsa-miR-21 and mmu-miR-21 with smad7-3’-UTR based on targetScan software
from (http://www.targetscan.org/), several nucleotides in the 5′-region of miR-21 contain a perfect match with the
3’-UTR sequence of smad7 genes. b The results of luciferase report gene assays. c Representative photograph of smad7 protein by ICC. d The fluorescence intensity of smad7 proteins (p<0.05).
Discussion
In recent years, many studies have established many miRs are closely associated with
DN [9]
[10]
[20]
[22], mostly focusing on their actions inside the cell from the tissues samples [29]. Because of the presence of potent ribonucleases, most investigators doubted that
extracellular RNA could survive in the blood [30]. Up to now, many studies have documented circulating a large number of serum miRs
remain stable and consistent in severe conditions [31]
[32]
[33]
[34]. It is very possible to detect serum miRs which help to diagnose this disease. Therefore,
to indentify the relationship between serum miR-21 and tissue miR-21 expression, we
examined serum and tissue miR-21 expression by real-time RT-PCR with the course of
DN. We found that serum miR-21 expressions were shown to be increased in KK-Ay DN
mice at 12–24 weeks of age. More surprisingly, the altered trends of serum miR-21
levels were significantly consistent with the expressions of renal tissues miR-21.
Importantly, antagomiR-21 can decrease the expressions of serum and tissue miR-21.
These results suggested that directly detecting serum miR-21 was the best substitute
for tissue miR-21.
Albumin creatinine cratio (ACR) has been considered as a good clinical predictor of
renal lesions in DN [35]. Creatinine clearance ratio (Ccr) is generally considered as marker of renal filtration
function [25]. We found that serum miR-21 expression was positively correlated with ACR and negatively
correlated with Ccr. Moreover, the change trend of miR-21 was consistent with ACR,
suggesting that miR-21 may be a biomarker reflecting for the volume of urine protein
excretion. More importantly, antagomiR-21 can not only decrease serum miR-21 and ACR
but also increase Ccr. Taken together; we concluded that the changes of circulating
serum miR-21 can indirectly reflect renal function, which may be as a potential diagnostic
biomarker for DN.
A well-organized collagen fiber was necessary to maintain structural and functional
integrity of renal tissue. Excessive CFs accumulate in the kidney, which adversely
affects the structure of the kidney and further lead to the loss of renal function
[36]. Additionally, CFs was the most important ingredients comprised of GBM and mesangial
matrix. Moreover, GBM and glomerular area (GA) were sensitive markers of DN [37]. Accumulating studies showed that smad7 may be an effective therapy for DN and renal
fibrosis via altering expression of TGF-β1/Smad3-regulated miRs. Moreover, miR-21
participates in fibrogenic events in kidneys, lungs, heart, or other organs by regulating
a unique array of targets [14]
[38]
[39]. Interestingly, our luciferase report gene assays suggested that smad7 was a validated
miR-21 target, miR-21 over-expression significantly decreased smad7 expression. All
these results showed that miR-21 was involved in the pathogenesis of DN by downregulating
target smad7, due to the decrease of smad7, led to the depostion of col-IV and col-I,
further resulted in GBM thickened and mesangial matrix hyperplasia. Additionally,
we found that serum miR-21 was positively correlated with GBM, GA, CFC and col-IV,
whereas, unrelated to col-I. AntgomiR-21 can decrease GBM, GA, CFC and col-IV but
not col-I. Thus, we speculated that both circulating serum miR-21 and tissue local
miR-21 were closely associated with CFs formation of DN, especially for col-IV rather
than col-I.
In summary, our study suggested that serum miR-21 may be as a potential diagnostic
biomarker for DN, both circulating serum and tissue local miR-21 attenuated renal
function and structure by inhibiting target smad7. Although our results suggested
serum miR-21 may be a new possible marker for the detection of DN, up to now, the
measure of urinary albumin excretion rate is the most reliable indicator.
