Keywords
effective facelift - deep plane - embrication - stable fixation - natural results
- long-lasting results
Why Deep Plane?
To immediately improve the appearance of an aging and sagging face, it is enough to
pull back the soft tissues with a fingertip applied to the cheek. Starting from this
simple observation, more than a century ago, the operation called facelift was conceived, which, in short, consisted in fact of repositioning the ptotic soft
tissues into their original position.[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14] Many techniques have been proposed and reproposed since then ([Fig. 1]). Initially, this was limited to the removal of a segment of skin, more or less
extended around the ear, closing the wound with sutures. Then, a wider subcutaneous
undermining was introduced, complemented by plication of the underlying adipose tissues.
These sutures were proposed both as single sutures, running sutures, or “purse string”
sutures. Much time passed before a deeper plane of undermining was considered. The
anatomy of the superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS)—an acronym proposed by
Tessier as it would be the same in French as it was in English—had already been described
in detail decades ago by the Italian Sterzi,[15] and a study on it was later published in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (PRS) by Mitz and Peyronie,[16] working under the supervision of Tessier. On the basis of this anatomical framework,
the French school introduced a somewhat timid sub-SMAS undermining, mainly limited
to the area above the parotid gland. However, it was without doubt Skoog was the first
to demonstrate an extended deep-plane dissection. What had Skoog[17] intuited before everybody else? The great Swedish plastic surgeon understood that
to obtain a true correction of the ptotic soft tissues of the face and neck, it would
be necessary to first elevate them all together following a deep plane of dissection
and then move them back into their original position. After that, the door was open,
not just simple lateral traction, but liberation of all deep adherences and cephalad
repositioning of fascia, platysma muscle, fat, and skin. In the following years, the
deep plane technique was further elaborated and currently, in the form that we use,
calls for a precise dissection of a composite flap (skin, fat, SMAS) as proposed by
Bonnefon,[18] while absolutely respecting the “noble” structures (vessels and motor nerves), and
a robust anchorage to firm structures, so as to obtain a stable repositioning.[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26] We have participated in innumerable round tables in which often expert colleagues
stated that they had gone from imbrication (dissection and elevation) to plication
(direct fascial suture without undermining) obtaining the same results and to have
therefore chosen the simpler method. We have had the occasion to follow in various
cases this “evolution,” but we realized that what was being called “imbrication” had
actually nothing to do with the technique that we had been proposing for many years.
In their idea, imbrication consisted, in the best case, of a simple (and scarcely
effective) undermining of a small flap of SMAS above the parotid gland with anchoring
to the same fascial tissue. We are therefore not surprised that they did not notice
any difference between this imbrication and SMAS plication.
Fig. 1 Deep plane facelift: long-term result. (a) preoperative (52 years old), (b) 9 months later, (c) 10 years later without any further surgery, (d) the same patient at the age of 63, after a secondary facelift. A complete repositioning
of the sagging soft tissues coupled with a strong anchoring to solid points of fixation
allows to obtain a natural and long-lasting result. One cannot stop the aging process,
but often, even 10 years after the operation, jowls and bands are still less evident
than before the operation.
Why the Dissection of an Ample Composite Flap with Anchorage to Deep Fixed and Robust
Tissues?
Why the Dissection of an Ample Composite Flap with Anchorage to Deep Fixed and Robust
Tissues?
We prefer this technique, indubitably more complex, not only because it makes it possible
to obtain more natural and long-lasting results but also because we can restore normal
anatomy, respecting each tissue, which is repositioned in its original place, after
having its dimensions being suitably restored. Contrary to plication, which in fact
involves the suture of the SMAS to itself (a thing that also happens in the so-called
SMASectomy[27]), in the procedure which will be described in detail later, the anatomy of the superficial
soft tissue is not altered but rather restored. No overlapping of fat in improper
position with a triple layer stacking occurs, but a return to normal anatomy after
having removed the excess of SMAS and fat, thereby obtaining a good three-dimensional
remodeling. The anchorage to solid and immobile tissues (mastoid periosteum, Lore
fascia or platysma-auricular ligament,[28] periosteum of the posterior third of the zygomatic arch, and the deep temporal fascia)
allows a stable repositioning of the deep ptotic tissues. This will provide not only
a long-lasting effect but also a release of all tension along the cutaneous margins
with the likelihood of an optimal scar. The movement of the mandible, which has its
widest extension in the anterior portion of the face, does not interfere with the
stability of the fixation, also because the medial portion of the SMAS is rather elastic.
We resort to plication only in the rare cases where the musculo-fascial and adipose
tissues are sparsely present, and/or excessively thin and therefore not very substantial.
In these cases, in fact, not only is it preferable to avoid making a too delicate
and fragile flap, the anchoring of which would be precarious, but it can also be convenient
to increase the projection of the malar area.
Inflate or Elevate?
There is no doubt that aging involves phenomena of cutaneous degeneration, consisting
mainly of skin thinning and cutaneous elastosis, with progressive reduction of elastic
and collagen fibers. In other words, the skin loses its original thickness and above
all it increases its extensibility, and the skin therefore becomes excessive in respect
to the surface that it has to cover. At the same time, however, the underlying adipose
tissue and even the bony support are undergoing progressive atrophy. If, on the one
hand, we observe a natural skin expansion (the container enlarges), we see a gradual
loss of fat and bone thickness (the content reduces) on the other hand. The evolution
of this disparity between content and container determines the noticeable changes
in the appearance of the face, which in fact with aging becomes deformed. The superolateral
portion of the cheek tends to flatten, while the anterior portion thickens, giving
the face a new form, changing from triangular to square. The imbalance between excess
skin and reduced osteo-adipose thickness allows for the subcutaneous fat, driven by
the force of gravity, to descend along an inferomedial vector. Once having reached
the level of the nasolabial and labiomandibular adherences, which prevent the fat
from moving even more inferiorly, the fat remains above the groove that forms the
characteristic folds that next to the chin are called jowls. Therefore, taking into account that the basis of facial relaxation is the double
mechanism of skin dilatation and osteo-adipose atrophy, beside uplifting the soft
tissues en bloc, and trimming the excess, in the majority of cases we believe that
it is proper to restore the correct volumes in the different areas. In practice, the
excessive thickness of the perioral areas is reduced by repositioning the SMAS, fat,
and skin that partially is returned to fill in the upper lateral part of the face
([Fig. 2]). But, to obtain a more complete and natural result, it is often necessary to graft
fat where there is more atrophy. Usually, fat is injected into the zygomatic and periorbital
areas, in particular, into the palpebral-jugal groove, at the level of the labiomandibular
groove, and at times into the lips. In some cases, it is used to give projection to
the gonial angle and to the chin. The problem yet to be solved in lipofilling concerns
the take-rate of the fat. We have used all the techniques that have been described
up until now, comparing all those considered to be the most effective,[29] and we have used cannulas of various types and size, with both large and small holes;
we have harvested the fat from different areas of the body, and we have tried to avoid
the use of local anesthetic solutions and vasoconstrictors. In the final analysis,
the take has not been shown to be 100% certain with any technique, instrumentation,
or trick. We have only noticed a potentially better take-rate in the periorbital and
zygomatic areas, while in our experience in general, fat provides short-lasting results
in the lips, along the nasolabial grooves, and into the temporal area. In spite of
this, in our opinion, it is worth trying to inject fat when thought to be indicated:
if it takes, good, if not, you can always try again, or give up. It must be noted
that within a few months after the operation, often the skin appears to have a better
quality, even if it is difficult to state with certainty that this phenomenon is actually
due to the stem cells contained in the fat, rather than to the fibroblastic stimulus
linked to the undermining.
Fig. 2 Cheek and temple fat grafting. (a) Fat is injected in the cheek. (b) Preoperative, (c) 2 years postoperative. Within the correct indications, pure fat grafting can give
satisfactory results. It is not advisable, though, just to resort to fat filling alone,
when soft-tissue lifting would also be indicated.
Facelifting: Technical Details
Facelifting: Technical Details
For more than 15 years, we have standardized our facelift technique, which includes
some fundamental steps, common to all cases, together with subjective variations relative
to each specific deformity to be treated, as well as to the sex and age of the patient.
The preoperative examination makes it possible to give the patient correct and precise
information concerning surgical techniques and possible complications, besides deciding
upon any variations in approach. It needs to be decided, together with the patient,
if the operation is to be limited to the lower part of the cheeks and neck, or if
it must be extended to the mid-face and temporofrontal areas. One also needs to choose
if it is necessary to perform a concomitant dermabrasion to correct wrinkles and skin
blemishes, a blepharoplasty (with canthopexy when required), for eyelid problems,
a regional lifting (upper lip or eyebrows), or other procedures which help obtain
a more harmonious and complete result. Among the latter, a main role is played by
those techniques which are aimed at restoring lost volumes due to osteo-adipose atrophy.
In fact, in ∼80% of our patients we couple facelifting with fat grafting, while in
∼10% of them we use facial implants, mainly for the chin and zygoma. Quite frequently,
we also use liposuction when there is a fat excess, particularly in the cervical area
([Figs. 3] and [4]).
Fig. 3 Deep plane facelift. (a and b) Short subcutaneous dissection and large sub-SMAS undermining. (c and d) SMAS lifting and fixation. (e and f) fibrin glue is applied. (g and h) The extra skin is removed.
Fig. 4 The result of the case illustrated in the previous pictures. (a and c) preoperative; (b and d) 6 months postoperative. This technique is quite effective and reliable. It gives
constantly predictable and complete results.
Anesthesia
We prefer to carry out this operation under general anesthesia, with infiltration
of very dilute local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor solution. General anesthesia,
using propofol, remifentanil, curare, and assisted respiration with orotracheal intubation,
is given after having marked the incisions and taken appropriate measures to get the
hair out of the surgical field. The anesthesiologist is expected to keep systolic
arterial pressure between 75 and 95 mm Hg throughout the whole procedure. The pressure
will need to remain under control even during the delicate moment of extubation, when
it might elevate and for the same reason one must use every possible means to avoid
vomiting. Having put the patient under general anesthesia, and prepared the surgical
field, one proceeds with the local anesthetic infiltration. On average, 120 mL of
mepivacaine 0.2% with adrenaline 1:500,000 are used per side. The slight tumescence
obtained with the injection of this very dilute cocktail of anesthetic and vasoconstrictor
facilitates the dissection.
Incisions
When it is necessary to correct defects located predominately in the lower part of
the cheek and the neck, the incision can be started directly in the lower portion
of the sideburn, then extend caudally into the preauricular area. On the other hand,
if problems of the temporal and midface areas are to be treated, it is usually preferable
to extend the incision into the temporal area. When the distance between the orbital
rim and the hairline is short (< 4 cm), an incision into the scalp can be made, parallel
to the hairline and approximately 3 cm from it. At its most cephalad extremity, this
incision curves slightly in an inferomedial direction to avoid dog ears. If on the
other hand, the distance between orbital rim and hairline is longer (> 4 cm), it is
best to make the incision along the hairline to avoid cephalad displacement. In the
latter case, the scalpel blade must be sharply beveled so that the hair, when it grows
back, will cross the scar and camouflage it. This type of incision follows the hairline
in a zig-zag fashion. In front of the anterior border of the ear, one can choose between
a pre-tragal incision, which we prefer for men, and a post-tragal one, which is better
in women. At the level of the lower border of the tragus, it is best to break the
incision line with an angle or a short perpendicular cut, to preserve the incisura
intertragica. One then proceeds inferiorly, around the earlobe, and then upward into
the retroauricular sulcus, until the hairline is reached, which is then followed for
a few centimeters, toward the occipital area ([Fig. 5]).
Fig. 5 Most used skin incisions. (a) Short periauricular incision, running pre-tragal along a natural groove with a quite
limited mastoid extension. (b) Retro-tragal incision with the usual temporal and occipital extensions.
Subcutaneous Undermining
The dissection is initially subcutaneous and usually becomes sub-SMAS only in the
cheek and the anterior portion of the neck. One normally starts from the mastoid area
in which the subcutaneous dissection plane is the only possible one, extending caudally
until ∼2 cm below the posterior projection of the gonial angle. Then, one proceeds
with a limited dissection in the same plane also in front of the ear. In this area,
the dissection is extended ∼3 cm from the skin incision, except from the part above
the zygomatic arch, in which it reaches the orbital rim. If a temporal lift is required,
if the incision is prefollicular, the undermining in the temporal area is subcutaneous,
while when the incision is in the scalp, the undermining to the hairline is subfascial
(beneath the superficial temporal fascia), and from then it extends caudally in the
subcutaneous plane. The subcutaneous dissection in the cheek must be performed rather
superficially to leave a large portion of the fat on the underlying SMAS.
Sub-SMAS Undermining
Before starting a sub-SMAS undermining, it is very important to identify the correct
level of depth in which to work. To accomplish this, it is good, at least the first
times, to incise the SMAS over the parotid gland, in order that the branches of the
facial nerve remain totally protected from harm and that the various tissue planes
be easily recognizable. It is useful to begin the process elevating the musculofascial
tissue with tissue forceps ∼2 cm in front of the earlobe. After having verified the
mobility of the flap that is being held, behind where the tip of the forceps is placed,
make a short incision. If the parotid gland becomes exposed, that means that the plane
is too deep and therefore the dissection from then on should be performed more superficially
(∼0.2 mm, a hair's breadth), so as to be above the capsule of the gland. As the undermining
is extended anteroinferiorly, it will be easy to identify the muscle fibers of the
cervical platysma that are cranially in continuity with the fascial tissue of the
cheek. Once the incision has been made, the Trepsat dissecting forceps (which have
blunt paddles at their tips) are inserted. By using this instrument, the sub-platysmal
undermining is performed, first in the neck, and then in the cheek. Great attention
must be paid not to damage any of the branches of the facial nerve. In the neck, the
cervical branches to the platysma become superficial at the level of its middle third,
and it is therefore important to use even more caution in the anterior dissection.
In the cheek, in front of the anterior border of the parotid gland, the branches of
the facial nerve are protected only by the thin parotid-masseteric fascia, and it
is fundamental that the dissection be performed in the correct plane between this
deep fascia and the SMAS. As concerns the facial nerve in particular, the riskiest
areas in the deep dissection are two. One is along the mandible at the level of the
anterior border of the masseter where the marginal mandibular branch becomes superficial,
often passing above the facial vessels. The other area is at the level of the middle
third of the zygomatic arch, where the temporofrontal branches lose the protection
of the parotid gland, and pass through the superficial temporal fascia above the zygomatic
arch itself. As concerns the marginal branch, it is useful to join the two dissections—the
cervical and the cheek—with prudence in front of the masseter, along the mandibular
body. This should be carefully done and with visual verification in order not to damage
the nerve. The temporofrontal branches are still deep at the level of the zygomatic
arch, and are adherent to the periosteum, before becoming more superficial in the
temporal area. Consequently, if you extend the deep dissection cranially, to avoid
harming these branches, it is sufficient to grasp with your forceps and elevate the
SMAS. If one chooses the so-called high SMAS technique, it can be even safer to make
the incision over the anterior third of the zygomatic arch, in front of the usual
course of the temporofrontal branches. The SMAS, including the superficial fascia
in the cheek and the platysmal muscle in the neck, must be elevated until it is necessary
to correct the defect ([Fig. 6]). We noticed that, to obtain a natural and long-lasting result, it is almost always
good to extend the undermining until the area where the problem we wish to eliminate
is located. For instance, if you wish to remove an anterior platysmal band on long
term, it is necessary to carry the cervical sub-SMAS dissection all the way to the
midline. In such cases, the deep undermining of one side will join with deep dissection
on the other side. In the same way, when it is necessary to correct heavy jowls, the
deep dissection should be extended until the mandibular ligament, which is found immediately
anterior to the jowls.
Fig. 6 Sub-SMAS undermining. (a and b) The limited subcutaneous undermining and the more extended sub-SMAS dissection are
shown. (c) The sub-SMAS undermining is extended behind the platysma until the midline, as clearly
indicated by the red arrow (d).
Treatment of Platysmal Bands
Treatment of Platysmal Bands
A wide deep plane dissection makes it possible to avoid a direct anterior approach
to the medial margins of the platysma in most cases. Although, in those cases where
the main problem to be corrected is the presence of very evident platysmal bands,
it is often best to consider a submental incision, through which the medial borders
of the platysma can be accessed. We prefer to lengthen them with a Z-plasty, thus
reducing any relative hypertonicity, so that the muscle can better adapt to the rest
of the soft tissue that will be placed under tension. Alternatively, one could use
a direct suture, completed by a transverse division of the muscle, or one could even
completely remove the platysmal bands. A new and interesting approach has been recently
described,[7] who, inspired by an idea of Gonzales, proposed making a longitudinal section of
the platysma along the direction of its fibers, at ∼5 to 6 cm from its anterior border.
A transverse section of the platysma follows to create two small muscle flaps, which
then are put under posterior traction by means of suspender sutures. This change in
the anatomy makes it possible to correct the bands.
The Midface Area
We are convinced that when the soft tissues of the midface area are severely ptotic,
it is necessary to resort to a vertical lift, undermining subperiosteally, and anchoring
the flap, preferably to the bone. Our midface lift technique has recently been described
in detail elsewhere.[30]
[31] In many of these cases, it is furthermore useful to combine this type of facelift
with appropriate lipofilling in the subcutaneous plane. In less severe cases, it can
be sufficient to extend a “classical” cervicofacial lift as described earlier to the
area below the lower eyelid. It is preferable to at first extend cranially the preauricular
cutaneous incision, possibly remaining within the scalp, at ∼2 to 3 cm from the hairline
(see section “Incisions”). Starting from the temporal incision, one should carry out
a deep undermining between the superficial and deep temporal fascia, until the hairline
is reached. From then on, the dissection will continue in the subcutaneous plane,
as already described, extending as far as the lateral canthus, and the lateral portion
of the malar bone. As concerns the sub-SMAS undermining, it will be necessary to carry
the facial incision above the anterior portion of the zygomatic arch so as to permit
the medial deep undermining between the anterior cheek fat pad and the elevator muscles
of the lip (zygomaticus major and minor). Palpating the inferior border of the zygomatic
arch, where it thickens to join with the malar bone, the skin is anchored to the periosteum
by the zygomatic ligament, which must be released with prudence to avoid damaging
the branch of the facial nerve that runs nearby. Finding the zygomaticus major muscle,
which inserts right in front of the ligament, will allow one to slide with the Trepsat
forceps toward the nasolabial fold in the correct plane, which will be nothing but
the cranial extension of the usual deep dissection in the cheek.
Repositioning, Anchoring, and Trimming the Composite Flap
Repositioning, Anchoring, and Trimming the Composite Flap
After having completed the deep undermining, which, as already stated, must be extended
enough to correct all of the deformities, the mobility of the composite flap (SMAS,
fat, skin) is verified, and, if necessary, a trim of its anterior margin is performed.
Then, it is elevated along a superolateral vector, and anchored under appropriate
tension to firm anatomical structures ([Fig. 7]). It can also be split into two smaller flaps at the level of the gonial angle,
so as to pull the caudal flap posteriorly and the cranial flap superiorly. This division
with more posterior tension on the caudal flap accentuates the cervical angle, while
predominately superior traction (without splitting the flap) is perhaps more effective
in correcting the laxity in the inferior portions of the neck. The main anchoring
points are four. The first is the periosteum over the mastoid bone; the second is
Lore fascia, in front of the earlobe ([Fig. 8]). The third is the periosteum over the posterior third of the zygomatic arch; the
fourth is the deep temporal fascia ([Fig. 9]). The flap can be anchored with absorbable sutures (we use 2–0 Vicryl), because
in a short time fibrotic adherence will develop that will provide stability of the
repositioning. Other intermediate sutures interposed between the main sutures will
complete the SMAS fixation. The excess myofascial tissue can simply be trimmed, or
folded over on itself for further augmentation,[32] used to reinforce the retroauricular suspension, or to harvest grafts for lips,
glabellar furrows, nasolabial folds, or tear troughs, and so on.
Fig. 7 Lifting the SMAS flap. (a and b) The totally released SMAS flap is elevated and moved upward along a vertical vector.
(c) The subcutaneous fat pad is removed in the preauricular area to recreate a natural
looking concavity in front of the ear, thus preventing an artificially flat appearance.
Fig. 8 Anchoring the SMAS flap. (a and b) Platysma flap fixation to the mastoid periosteum. (c and d) SMAS anchoring to Lore fascia. (e and f) SMAS fixation to the periosteum of the posterior third of the zygomatic arch.
Fig. 9 Completing the SMAS fixation and trimming the skin. (a–c) Suturing the upper part of the SMAS flap to the deep temporal fascia. (d) Careful skin trimming with “fringe” incisions perpendicular to the initial cutaneous
flap margin.
Adapting, Trimming, and Suturing the Cutaneous Flap
Adapting, Trimming, and Suturing the Cutaneous Flap
Once the SMAS flap has been anchored, the skin must simply be laid down over it in
its new position. Any incidental irregularities along the margins of the subcutaneous
dissection that will show as little notches or grooves or wrinkles can be eliminated
with further scissor dissection. At this stage, the two key sutures are placed, which
will help in getting adequate skin redistribution: one in front of the ear, at the
height of the superior margin of the concha, and the other behind the ear, where the
retroauricular skin incision curves posteriorly. Now, the skin excess, which is partially
covering the ear and the temporal and mastoid incision, is trimmed away. The amount
to be removed is evaluated with the help of other small incisions perpendicular to
the flap margins, reaching the underlying posterior margin of the original cutaneous
incision ([Fig. 9d]). Fibrin glue is sprayed over the whole area of the subcutaneous undermining, which
is now smaller thanks to the SMAS flap repositioning.[33]
[34]
[35]
[36] The cutaneous margins are sutured with either subcuticular 5–0 Monocryl or Vicryl
Rapid. A slightly compressive dressing, preferably made of cotton, and an individualized
facial support garment, completes the operation. When fibrin glue is used, drains
are not employed. The anesthesiologist will remove the endotracheal tube, trying to
avoid coughing, and by all possible means nausea and postoperative vomiting, to prevent
sudden increases in blood pressure. For the same reason, the patient will wear a Clonidine
patch for 5 days, and the blood pressure will constantly be monitored for at least
24 hours postoperatively. The patient should be kept in a semi-sitting position as
well.
Complications
There is no surgical procedure that is without complications, but we should point
out that even if facelift is among the procedures most commonly performed at our clinic,
it is also among those who have the least number of problems. It probably depends
on the fact that we use a strict protocol that allows us to avoid most unforeseen
events. That being said, we will briefly examine the complications that can occur,
although quite rarely, and try to analyze their treatment. At one point, the most
common complication was hematoma, currently occurring in less than 1% of the cases.
Prevention is based on a perfect intraoperative hemostasis, and the control of the
blood pressure during and after the intervention. It is obviously also important to
verify that coagulation parameters are normal before the operation, as well as to
avoid taking drugs or foods that might interfere with the coagulation process. The
narrow subcutaneous undermining, reducing the dead space, certainly contributes to
the limiting of blood collections, as does the use of fibrin glue. As concerns the
latter, it is essential that the area of application be perfectly dry, so as to provide
better sealing off of the dissected area. Infections are quite rare in this type of
surgery, thanks to the excellent blood supply, if the basic rules of asepsis are respected.
In the 35 years of experience of the senior author (G.B.), there has not been a single
case of infection as a complication of a facelift. Small areas of ischemic necrosis
can occur and are not considered to be infectious in nature. These areas, located
at the end of the flaps, particularly in the post-auricular region, are more common
in smokers, even for some time after they have stopped.
Discussion
As was mentioned in the Preface, for more than 15 years we have performed every single
facelift according to the protocol described in these pages. We do not feel the need
to modify it because the operation thus conceived can offer, in the majority of cases,
pleasing, natural, and generally long-lasting results ([Figs. 10] and [11]). It needs to be emphasized, though, that the durability of the result of any operation
of this kind depends a lot on the patients' tissues and age. The younger the patient,
the less the degenerative process linked to the passage of time. The older the patient,
the more the phenomena reach a full gallop. Therefore, the result of a lifting done
at 45 years of age in a person with tissues still in good condition will last much
longer than one performed on a 65-year-old. We are convinced that an excellent result
in this type of lifting is owing to many factors. In particular, we think it is essential
to perform a wide, deep undermining and a fixation to solid stable structures. A major
contribution to the success of this type of approach is also provided by individualization
of the procedure, obtained, for instance, by joining the lifting of the sagging tissues
with the restoration of volume if necessary with fat grafting or, less frequently,
with implants ([Fig. 12]). At least in 50% of the cases, if the patient wishes, there are also indications
to perform a procedure in the palpebral and periorbital areas, such as blepharoplasty,
midface lift, eyebrow lift, etc.[37]
[38]
[39] Furthermore, it is often best to correct dermal-epidermal blemishes by a resurfacing
procedures (chemical peel, dermabrasion, or laser treatment). It is always advisable
to carry out regular postoperative surveillance for maintenance of the face, with
local infiltration of hyaluronic acid and botulinum toxin, which can contribute to
refine the results of the operation and keep a fresh appearance of the face for a
longer time. We would like to add other considerations concerning the opportunity
to use imbrication rather than plication. In our experience, imbrication brings about
more natural and long-lasting results than plication. A few years ago, for 6 months
we plicated the SMAS on one side and performed imbrication on the other side. After
a few months, we noticed that the imbricated side maintained its new position better
([Fig. 13]).
Fig. 10 Facelift and fat graft. (a–c) Before the operation; (d–f) 6 months later. The facelift was performed according to the aforementioned technique.
Fat was injected in the malar and pre-jowl areas. Platysma bands were treated by a
direct anterior approach, through a submental incision with myorrhaphy and Z-plasty.
Fig. 11 Facelift and conspicuous “lipofilling.” Before (a and c) and 9 months after (b and d) the operation. In this case, the very skeletonized face required 60 mL of fat grafting
to replace the atrophied adipose tissue. Fat was injected in the malar and pre-jowl
areas, in the nasolabial and submental grooves, as well as in the upper orbits. No
anterior approach to the platysma bands was necessary, due to the lateral position
of the muscle medial margins.
Fig. 12 Facelift, neck liposuction, and fat grafting. (a and c) before the operation; (b and d) 6 months later. This “long” face, with heavy jowls and severe soft-tissue laxity
in the neck, was improved by a deep-plane facelift with strong and solid anchorage,
coupled with a moderate cervical liposuction and fat grafting in both cheeks.
Fig. 13 Imbrications versus plications. One of the cases from our clinical trial comparing
imbrications and plications, before and 1 year later (a and b). On the plicated side (the left), the jowl is already relapsing.
Imbrication does not exert any compression on the adipose tissue that is instead made
ischemic by plication. Imbrication does not stack three layers of tissue as occurs
with plication, but partially involves only two. Therefore, imbrication allows the
restoration of normal anatomy, without altering it the way plication does. Imbrication,
based on a sub-SMAS dissection, allows one to actually see the branches of the facial
nerve, which in front of the parotid gland are covered only by the perimysium of the
masseter muscle, and thereby to avoid damaging them. On the other hand, plication
in front of the parotid gland has a greater risk of involving these branches with
the sutures because these are performed blindly. After many years of experience (more
than 35 years for the senior author [G.B.]), we are convinced that imbrication can
offer more stable and certain results than plication. We use plication only in the
rare cases of very thin patients in which a myofascial flap would be very flimsy,
and not very reliable. In those patients, furthermore, the lateral staking of soft
tissue may indeed be an advantage.[40]
[41]
[42] To move the SMAS flap with imbrication, as we know, it is necessary to first make
an incision through the one that can carry out the undermining. For a long time, we
made the SMAS incision rather anteriorly (∼4 cm in front of the cutaneous incision),
and we were convinced that the more the traction was applied near the defect to be
treated, the better the correction. According to the current protocol, however, we
went back to making the SMAS incision ∼2 cm in front of the skin incision because
we prefer avoiding separating the skin from the musculofascial tissue. This way, in
fact, we can elevate a composite SMAS-fat-skin flap, which allows one to obtain noticeable
improvement even in the anterior parts of the face and neck ([Fig. 14]). Furthermore, a more posterior incision makes the anchorage of the flap easier
(see section “Repositioning, Anchoring, and Trimming of the Composite Flap”). In fact,
we think it is advisable to avoid suturing the SMAS on itself, as done in other techniques,
while preferring anchorage to more stable and robust structures. Another controversial
technical detail concerns the need of freeing the facial ligaments. We are convinced
that it is indispensable to free up the zygomatic ligament if one wants to obtain
adequate uplifting of the superior part of the cheek. At the same time, we believe
that the masseteric ligament should be released to get adequate mobilization of the
central and lower portion of the cheek. In the majority of cases, however, we do not
think that it is necessary to disinsert the mandibular ligament, which can often be
useful to maintain the soft tissues of the chin region in their proper position. In
conclusion, in our opinion, it is possible to offer excellent results to the majority
of patients asking for a facelift procedure.
Fig. 14 A very peculiar case. The junior author (G.B.) performed a facelift according to
the described technique of the senior author. Nose tip touch up and lipo filling were
also associated. These are preoperative (top) and 2 years postoperative (bottom) pictures.
