Keywords
cervical spine - degeneration - fusion - disk replacement - hybrid surgery
The mean age of patients with treatment-relevant degenerative disease of the cervical spine is ∼50 years, and at this age, preserving motion in an operated level is desirable.[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9] Nevertheless, some patients have bony degeneration with reduced motion, osteochondrosis, and a loss in disk height, and in this group, a disk prosthesis is not indicated. Thus, in cases with two- or three-level disk disease with different stages of degeneration, the combination of dynamic and nondynamic implants may be considered.[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of criteria to assist decision making in these cases. The pre- and postoperative outcomes measured were radiologic evidence of range of motion (ROM) and clinical symptoms reported according to the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores as well as recovery rates. Furthermore, the authors report on their experiences with the implantation of disk prostheses combined with one or two cages in adjacent levels.
Patients and Methods
Between January 2009 and August 2011, our department treated 30 patients (15 women, 15 men) for degenerative cervical disk disease using a hybrid operative solution (dynamic plus nondynamic implant[s]). The average age was 50.7 years (range 38 to 71). All patients were diagnosed preoperatively with a radiculopathy and/or myelopathy. Pre- and postoperative JOA scores were compared with an average follow-up time of 1.5 years (range 0.5 to 3.0).
Furthermore, a control group with 32 patients (16 men, 16 women) who underwent two-level cage fusion was analyzed. The mean age of the patients from that group was 61.9 years (range 40 to 78 years).
The following criteria were considered for total disk replacement with a dynamic implant: biological age of the patient < 55 years (with four exceptions due to a good condition of the disk); and/or soft disk herniation without significant osteochondrosis; and/or ROM > 5 degrees in the sagittal plane in preoperative radiographic images.
Treatment with a nondynamic implant was taken into account in the presence of the following criteria: hard disk degeneration with significant loss of height of the intervertebral disk space (< 4 mm) and/or ROM < 5 degrees in the sagittal plane in preoperative radiographic images.
The following implants were used for dynamic total disk replacement at the cervical spine: DCI dynamic cervical implant (Paradigm Spine, Wurmlingen, Germany); Mobi-C cervical disk prosthesis (LDR Médical, Troyes, France); and M6C artificial disk (Spinal Kinetics, California, United States).
The dynamic implants were combined with two different nondynamic techniques: implantation of a Shell Cage (Advanced Medical Technologies, Nonnweiler, Germany) or interposition of polymethyl methacrylate (Palacos or Osteopal by Heraeus Medical, Wehrheim, Germany).
One hundred twenty pre- and postoperative functional X-ray images in flexion and extension of the 30 patients (four images per patient) from the hybrid treatment group were analyzed. A modification of White and Panjabi's method was used with the Cobb angle measurement tool (Centricity Enterprise Web V3.0 software, GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, United Kingdom) to measure the ROM angles.[16]
[17]
[18] Angle values in kyphosis, as usually observed in flexion ([Fig. 1A, C]), were recorded as positive values, and angle values in lordosis, as usually observed in extension, were recorded as negative values ([Fig. 1B, D]). The difference of both values results in the total range of motion (ROM) in the sagittal plane. For example, ROM of the treated level C5–C6 in [Fig. 2] ([B, D]) is 3.8 degrees − (−5.0 degrees) = 8.8 degrees.
Fig. 1 Hybrid construct with a combination of a dynamic implant (DCI dynamic cervical implant [Paradigm Spine, Wurmlingen, Germany]) and an adjacent nondynamic implant (Shell Cage [Advanced Medical Technologies, Nonnweiler, Germany]). Lateral X-ray images in flexion position before (A) and after (B) surgery. Lateral X-ray images in extension position before (C) and after (D) surgery.
Fig. 2 Three-level hybrid solution with a combination of a dynamic implant (DCI dynamic cervical implant [Paradigm Spine, Wurmlingen, Germany]) and two nondynamic implants (Shell Cage [Advanced Medical Technologies, Nonnweiler, Germany]) in adjacent levels. Lateral X-ray images in flexion position before (A) and after (B) surgery. Lateral X-ray images in extension position before (C) and after (D) surgery.
The pre- and postoperative radiologic and clinical data were analyzed retrospectively. The Student t test was used to compare paired outcomes for the hybrid treatment group as well as for the two-level fusion group. Furthermore, the authors compared the postoperative JOA scores and the recovery rate of both group.
Results
Hybrid Treatment Group
Twenty-three patients were treated with a two-level hybrid solution and seven patients underwent three-level treatment ([Table 1]). Of dynamic implants used, 29 were the DCI dynamic cervical implant, 3 were the Mobi-C cervical disk prosthesis, and 1 was the M6C artificial disk. Nineteen levels were treated with nondynamic Shell-Cage, and 15 with Palacos or Osteopal.
Table 1
Type of implants and cervical levels being treated
|
|
|
Implant
|
|
Patient no.
|
Age (y)
|
Sex
|
First level
|
Second level
|
Third level
|
|
1
|
49
|
F
|
DCI C5–C6
|
PMMA C6–C7
|
–
|
|
2
|
71
|
F
|
DCI C5–C6
|
SC C6–C7
|
–
|
|
3
|
38
|
M
|
DCI C5–C6
|
PMMA C6–C7
|
–
|
|
4
|
55
|
F
|
DCI C5–C6
|
SC C6–C7
|
–
|
|
5
|
42
|
M
|
DCI C6–C7
|
SC C7–T1
|
–
|
|
6
|
56
|
M
|
DCI C5–C6
|
PMMA C6–C7
|
–
|
|
7
|
53
|
F
|
DCI C5–C6
|
PMMA C6–C7
|
–
|
|
8
|
49
|
M
|
DCI C5–C6
|
PMMA C6–C7
|
–
|
|
9
|
53
|
F
|
DCI C5–C6
|
PMMA C6–C7
|
–
|
|
10
|
43
|
M
|
M6 C5–C6
|
SC C6–C7
|
–
|
|
11
|
51
|
M
|
SC C5–C6
|
DCI 6–C7
|
–
|
|
12
|
61
|
F
|
DCI C6–C7
|
PMMA C7–T1
|
–
|
|
13
|
42
|
F
|
MoC C5–C6
|
SC C6–C7
|
–
|
|
14
|
47
|
M
|
DCI C4–C5
|
SC C5–C6
|
–
|
|
15
|
50
|
F
|
DCI C5–C6
|
SC C6–C7
|
–
|
|
16
|
55
|
M
|
DCI C4–C5
|
PMMA C5–C6
|
–
|
|
17
|
45
|
F
|
DCI C4–C5
|
SC C5–C6
|
–
|
|
18
|
37
|
M
|
DCI C5–C6
|
SC C6–C7
|
–
|
|
19
|
46
|
F
|
MoC C5–C6
|
SC C6–C7
|
–
|
|
20
|
41
|
M
|
PMMA C4–C5
|
DCI C5–C6
|
–
|
|
21
|
43
|
M
|
SC C5–C6
|
DCI C6–C7
|
–
|
|
22
|
55
|
F
|
DCI C5–C6
|
PMMA C6–C7
|
–
|
|
23
|
66
|
M
|
DCI C4–C5
|
SC C5–C6
|
–
|
|
24
|
55
|
F
|
MoC C4–C5
|
PMMA C5–C6
|
PMMA C6–C7
|
|
25
|
49
|
M
|
DCI C3–C4
|
PMMA C4–C5
|
PMMA C5–C6
|
|
26
|
44
|
M
|
DCI C4–C5
|
SC C5–C6
|
DCI C6–C7
|
|
27
|
68
|
M
|
PMMA C4–C5
|
DCI C5–C6
|
DCI C6–C7
|
|
28
|
54
|
F
|
DCI C4–C5
|
SC C5–C6
|
SC C6–C7
|
|
29
|
45
|
F
|
DCI C4–C5
|
DCI C5–C6
|
SC C6–C7
|
|
30
|
44
|
f
|
DCI C5–C6
|
SC C6–C7
|
SC C7–T1
|
Abbreviations: DCI, DCI dynamic cervical implant (Paradigm Spine, Wurmlingen, Germany); M6, M6C artificial disk (Spinal Kinetics, California, United States); MoC, Mobi-C cervical disk prosthesis (LDR Médical, Troyes, France); PMMA, polymethyl methacrylate (Palacos or Osteopal by Heraeus Medical, Wehrheim, Germany); SC, Shell Cage (Advanced Medical Technologies, Nonnweiler, Germany).
The most frequent solution (n = 13) was a combination of a dynamic implant at C5–C6 and a nondynamic implant at C6–C7. This was to achieve a more natural ROM at C5–C6 ([Table 1], [Figs. 1] and [3]). These levels were most frequently affected by degeneration. Only one patient was operated at C3–C4 (DCI). Ten patients required an implant at C4–C5 with 7 of these being dynamic implants. The 3 patients operated at the C7–T1 level received a fusion implant ([Table 1]).
Fig. 3 Hybrid construct with a combination of a dynamic implant (Mobi-C cervical disk prosthesis [LDR Médical, Troyes, France]) and an adjacent nondynamic implant (Shell Cage [Advanced Medical Technologies, Nonnweiler, Germany]). Lateral X-ray images in flexion position before (A) and after (B) surgery. Lateral X-ray images in extension position before (C) and after (D) surgery.
No patient required revision surgery for primary or secondary implant dislocation. We did not observe secondary instability following the multilevel treatment. There were no revision surgeries for other postoperative complications.
The mean JOA score improved from 13.9 to 15.6 points after surgery (mean deviation [MD] 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1 to 1.2, p < 0.001). ROM at the level treated with a dynamic implant showed a slight trend to increase, from a mean of 6.0 degrees to 6.8 degrees (MD 0.8, 95% CI −0.9 to 2.6, p = 0.193). It is likely that the study was underpowered to detect a significant change in ROM.
Control Group
Twenty-four patients were treated with a Shell-Cage, and 8 patients with Palacos or Osteopal; 22 of the 32 patients from the control group had a two-level fusion at the C5–C6 and the C6–C7 level. Ten patients underwent fusion at C4–C5 and C5–C6.
No patient required revision surgery for primary or secondary implant dislocation. We did not observe secondary instability following the multilevel treatment. There were no revision surgeries for other postoperative complications.
The mean JOA score improved from 13.3 to 15.1 points after surgery (MD 1.4, 95% CI 2.1 to 1.2, p < 0.001). Postoperative JOA scores between the hybrid treatment group and the control group showed no significant difference. The recovery rates showed almost equal clinical outcomes of both groups: 1.09 for the hybrid treatment group, and 1.19 for the control group.
Discussion
Disk herniation and moderate osteochondrosis of cervical segments are phenomena usually encountered in the fifth decade of life. In cases of multilevel cervical disk disease at varying stages of degeneration, a differentiated treatment approach aiming to partially preserve motion may be of more benefit than anterior plating or even posterior fixation.[2]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9] For this reason, the authors consider certain criteria such as biological age of the patient, condition of the disk (soft/hard), height of the intervertebral space, appearance of osteophytes, and ROM in the sagittal plane, which may indicate a hybrid solution in selected cases. Other authors have reported good results in a small number of patients following hybrid solutions using other implants.[12]
[13]
[14]
[19] Furthermore, positive results following multilevel total disk replacement in younger patients have also been reported.[3]
[20] Our results provide further evidence to support the use of hybrid constructs as an alternative to multilevel fusion in selected patients.
The measurement of ROM in the sagittal plane using lateral functional radiologic images is required to correctly identify patients amenable to hybrid treatment.
When ROM is more than 5 degrees in combination with a soft disk on magnetic resonance imaging, then treatment with a dynamic implant should be considered.[15]
[21] If ROM in the sagittal plane is less than 5 degrees combined with a hard disk and osteophytes on magnetic resonance imaging, then treatment with a fusion implant is suggested.[12]
[19]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25] A coincidence of two varying conditions in adjacent cervical levels should lead to a consideration for a hybrid construct utilizing both dynamic and fusion implants (disk prosthesis plus cage), which is a safe and effective alternative to multilevel fusion.
Conclusion
In cases of coincident soft and hard degenerative cervical disk disease at adjacent levels, the combination of a disk prosthesis and a nondynamic implant is a safe and effective alternative to a multilevel fusion.
