Keywords respiratory syncytial virus - immunoprophylaxis - hospitalization rates - palivizumab
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an infectious agent that causes annual epidemics of serious lower respiratory disease and is a frequent reason for hospitalization among young children in the United States and around the world.[1 ]
[2 ] Certain groups of infants are at increased risk for severe RSV disease and related hospitalizations, including preterm infants and infants with chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLDP, previously referred to as bronchopulmonary dysplasia [BPD]) or hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (CHD).[3 ] Multiple studies have shown that RSV hospitalization risk increases as gestational age decreases[4 ] and is greater among infants at younger chronological ages during the RSV season (November through March).[3 ]
[5 ]
[6 ]
[7 ]
In 1998, palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody, was approved for the prevention of severe RSV infection in children with BPD and children born at ≤35 wGA. In 2003, an additional indication was obtained for children with hemodynamically significant CHD.[8 ] To date, no other Food and Drug Administration–approved prophylaxis or treatment for severe RSV disease exists. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Infectious Diseases (COID) has regularly issued guidance on the use of RSV immunoprophylaxis (IP) in the United States, and recent changes have redefined the recommendations for RSV IP in preterm infants. In 2014, the AAP recommended against the use of RSV IP in all infants born at 29 to 34 wGA unless the infant had an underlying health condition, such as BPD/CLDP or CHD.[9 ]
The national impact of the 2014 policy change on the utilization of RSV IP and rates of RSV hospitalizations among preterm infants in the United States has been assessed in few studies to date.[10 ]
[11 ]
[12 ]
[13 ] None of these studies evaluated national RSV hospitalization rates in the affected infant population. To address this gap in the literature, we used data from two large national cohorts of commercially and Medicaid-insured infants to test the hypothesis that RSV IP decreased and RSV hospitalization rates increased in infants born at 29 to 34 wGA after the guidance change. This study compared RSV IP utilization and RSV hospitalization rates among preterm infants 29 to 36 wGA during the 2014–2015 season with rates in the 2013–2014 season and the combined 2010–2014 seasons. RSV IP and RSV hospitalization rates for full-term infants were also captured to identify seasonal variations that may impact all infants.
Methods
Data Sources
This analysis utilized the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial and Multi-State Medicaid health insurance administrative claims databases. These databases comprise health care claims and enrollment information for enrollees from self-insured employers and commercial health plans, as well as enrollees in Medicaid from several geographically diverse states. Between 1995 and 2015 overall, approximately 132 million enrollees were included in the commercial database and approximately 40 million enrollees were included in the Medicaid database. Inpatient and outpatient medical claims and outpatient pharmacy claims are included in the databases. These databases have been used in more than 1,000 peer-reviewed articles,[14 ] including several manuscripts related to RSV.[15 ]
[16 ]
[17 ]
[18 ] The data were previously collected and statistically de-identified, and are compliant with the conditions set forth in Sections 164.514(a)–(b)(1)ii of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 Privacy Rule; therefore, approval from an institutional review board was not required.
Patient Selection and Follow-up
Infants born from July 1, 2009, through June 30, 2015, were identified in inpatient claims using ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes and diagnosis-related group (DRG) codes. To capture complete outcomes data for the 2010–2011 RSV season, infants born in the 2009–2010 season were included. Infants who were discharged alive from their birth hospitalization were classified into risk cohorts using diagnoses, DRGs, procedures, and medications appearing in their medical and pharmacy claims during the first 90 days of life ([Supplementary Table 1 ], available in the online version). The following classification was applied hierarchically to generate mutually exclusive cohorts: infants with rare, complex medical conditions (e.g., infants with evidence of cystic fibrosis, immunodeficiency, congenital anomalies of the respiratory system, neuromuscular, immunological, or genetic conditions, or organ transplants); infants with CLDP; infants with CHD; infants born at <29 wGA, 29 to 30 wGA, 31 to 32 wGA, 33 to 34 wGA, 35 to 36 wGA; infants born at >36 wGA (full-term) with major health problems; infants born at >36 wGA without major health problems; infants with wGA unknown but with codes indicating preterm birth; and infants with wGA unknown and no information regarding preterm or full-term birth. This analysis focused on preterm infants (born 29–30 wGA, 31–32 wGA, and 33–34 wGA), as these infants were most affected by the 2014 change in RSV IP recommendations, with comparisons to preterm infants 35 to 36 wGA and full-term infants without major health problems, who were not affected by the change.
Infants were followed up from birth through the end of the first year of life, death, or end of continuous enrollment in the database, whichever came first. Although there is geographical and annual variability in the timing of RSV circulation in the United States, the RSV season was defined in accordance with the national annual average as occurring between November 1 and March 31, based on data collected and published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[19 ] Rates were calculated based on events per 100 infant-seasons, with the infant-season denominator calculated from the total days contributed during the RSV season divided by 151 days, which reflects the total number of days during the RSV season. Rates were determined for the entire first year of life and for prespecified age intervals (<3 months, 3 to <6 months, and 6–12 months old). Because infants were followed up for up to one year, they may have contributed person-time to more than one RSV season. For example, an infant born in January 2010 would contribute person-time to the 2010–2011 season as well as to the 2011–2012 season. Similarly, an infant could contribute time to multiple age groups depending on date of birth relative to the RSV season. However, comparative analyses between seasons were limited to infants <6 months old; therefore, each infant could only contribute to one RSV season.
Study Variables
The primary variables of interest were RSV IP receipt and RSV-coded hospitalizations occurring during the RSV seasons in 2010–2014 (average pre-recommendation), 2013–2014 (season before recommendation), and 2014–2015 (season after recommendation). RSV IP receipt was identified using outpatient medical and pharmacy claims with palivizumab-specific drug codes (National Drug Code) or administration codes (Current Procedural Terminology or Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System). RSV IP use was analyzed as the proportion of infants with evidence of at least one claim for palivizumab. Inpatient doses are not captured in the databases. RSV-coded hospitalizations were identified using inpatient claims for an ICD-9-CM diagnosis of 079.6, 466.11, or 480.1 in any position. RSV hospitalization rates were calculated as the number of RSV hospitalizations per 100 infant-seasons. Hospitalizations occurring <2 days after birth hospitalization discharge were not analyzed to exclude nosocomial RSV infections associated with the birth hospitalization.
Because lower respiratory disease caused by RSV is commonly coded as unspecified bronchiolitis without an RSV-specific code,[20 ] a secondary outcome of interest was the rate of all-cause bronchiolitis hospitalizations. All-cause bronchiolitis hospitalizations comprised hospitalizations coded as RSV bronchiolitis (ICD-9-CM code 466.11) and hospitalizations coded as unspecified bronchiolitis (ICD-9-CM code 466.19). Hospitalizations for unspecified bronchiolitis were included only in the absence of diagnosis codes for RSV, influenza, bacterial pneumonia, or other viral pathogens within a 3-day window.
Statistical Analyses
Data for the commercial and Medicaid populations were analyzed separately. In each population, chi-squared tests compared the proportion of infants with RSV IP during the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 seasons. To evaluate changes in hospitalization rates from the 2013–2014 season to the 2014–2015 season, generalized linear regression models with Poisson error distribution, log link, and log offset for exposure time were fit. The exposures were wGA, season, sex, and interaction of wGA and season. The models included only infants <6 months old, and therefore infants could only contribute to one RSV season. In a sensitivity analysis, models were fit comparing RSV hospitalization rates between the averages of RSV season 2010–2014 and the rate in the 2014–2015 RSV season. p- Values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. To address seasonal variation in RSV circulation and severity, crude rate ratios (RR) were calculated to compare RSV hospitalization rates of preterm infants to those of full-term infants by season. This approach assumes that variations in RSV hospitalization rates in healthy full-term infants reflect differential seasonal severity, as healthy full-term infants are not indicated for RSV IP.
Results
Patient Sample
There were 1,535,884 commercially insured and 1,698,146 Medicaid-insured infants who were born from July 1, 2009, through June 30, 2015, and were discharged alive from birth hospitalization. Of the infants identified, 77.2% commercially insured (n = 1,186,080) and 79.5% Medicaid-insured infants (n = 1,350,354) were classified into one of the preterm with identifiable wGA (<29–36 wGA) cohorts or one of the full-term cohorts (with or without major health problems; [Supplementary Table 2 ], available in the online version). The majority of these infants were born full-term without major health problems (78.1% of commercially insured and 80.2% of Medicaid-insured infants), while 3.8% of commercially insured infants and 4.4% of Medicaid-insured infants were born at 29 to 34 wGA. Full study attrition and available demographic information are shown in [Supplementary Tables 3 ] and [4 ], available in the online version. In the commercially insured sample, 44,698 preterm infants born at 29 to 34 wGA contributed 30,851 infant-seasons of follow-up and 926,483 full-term infants with no major health problems contributed 693,397 infant-seasons. In the Medicaid sample, 59,356 preterm infants born at 29 to 34 wGA contributed 43,495 infant-seasons of follow-up and 1,082,519 full-term infants with no major health problems contributed 852,337 infant-seasons.
RSV Immunoprophylaxis
Between the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 seasons, there were significant declines in the proportion of 29 to 34 wGA infants with at least one dose of RSV IP (p < 0.01). These declines ranged from 45 to 95% across the preterm subgroups ([Table 1 ]). The largest absolute declines in the proportion of infants receiving RSV IP occurred among infants born at earlier wGA (e.g., 29–30 wGA) and with chronological age <6 months during the RSV season. RSV IP rates for preterm infants born at 35 to 36 wGA and full-term infants were <1% in both the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 RSV seasons. Average RSV IP rates in the 2013–2014 season were similar to those observed during all seasons from 2010 to 2014.
Table 1
RSV immunoprophylaxis use among commercially insured and Medicaid-insured infants by risk cohort
Commercial
Medicaid
2013–2014[a ]
2014–2015[a ]
Absolute decrease (% decrease)
2013–2014[a ]
2014–2015[a ]
Absolute decrease (% decrease)
Age and risk cohorts
No. of infants
No. w/RSV IP
% RSV IP use
No. of infants
No. w/RSV IP
% RSV IP use
No. of infants
No. w/RSV IP
% RSV IP use
No. of infants
No. w/RSV IP
% RSV IP use
< 3 months
[b ]
29–30 wGA
418
136
32.5%
388
29
7.5%
25% (77%)
816
239
29.3%
679
32
4.7%
25% (84%)
31–32 wGA
947
293
30.9%
809
33
4.1%
27% (87%)
1,508
451
29.9%
1,473
25
1.7%
28% (94%)
33–34 wGA
2,530
519
20.5%
2,359
30
1.3%
19% (94%)
4,052
675
16.7%
3,676
34
0.9%
16% (95%)
3 to <6 months
[b ]
29–30 wGA
470
254
54.0%
521
97
18.6%
35% (66%)
1,051
510
48.5%
940
91
9.7%
39% (80%)
31–32 wGA
953
294
30.8%
980
77
7.9%
23% (75%)
1,818
454
25.0%
1,724
46
2.7%
22% (89%)
33–34 wGA
2,590
299
11.5%
2,677
27
1.0%
11% (91%)
4,374
318
7.3%
4,118
66
1.6%
6% (78%)
6 to <12 months
[b ]
29–30 wGA
695
190
27.3%
688
104
15.1%
12% (45%)
1,322
358
27.1%
1,262
100
7.9%
19% (71%)
31–32 wGA
1,351
152
11.3%
1,413
60
4.2%
7% (62%)
2,381
266
11.2%
2,187
36
1.6%
10% (86%)
33–34 wGA
3,424
110
3.2%
3,549
29
0.8%
2% (75%)
5,665
96
1.7%
5,519
31
0.6%
1% (65%)
Abbreviations: RSV IP, respiratory syncytial virus immunoprophylaxis; wGA, weeks gestational age.
a Infants can appear in multiple seasons.
b Age is captured at any point in the RSV season. Infants may appear in multiple age categories.
RSV Hospitalizations
From July 1, 2010, through June 30, 2015, we identified 6,563 RSV hospitalizations in the commercial database and 13,312 RSV hospitalizations in the Medicaid database among preterm infants 29 to 34 wGA and full-term infants. In both study populations, approximately 88% of RSV hospitalizations occurred during the RSV season. Additionally, approximately 75% of RSV hospitalizations among preterm infants 29 to 34 wGA and full-term infants occurred in infants <6 months old, and approximately 50% occurred among infants <3 months old.
In the commercially insured population, RSV hospitalization rates ranged from 0.3 hospitalizations per 100 infant-seasons (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2–0.3) among full-term infants 6 to 12 months old in the 2013–2014 season to 6.3 hospitalizations per 100 infant-seasons (95% CI, 2.1–14.8) among preterm infants 29 to 30 wGA who were <3 months old in the 2014–2015 RSV season ([Fig. 1A ]). In the Medicaid-insured population, RSV hospitalization rates ranged from 0.5 hospitalizations per 100 infant-seasons (95% CI, 0.4–0.5) among full-term infants 6 to 12 months old in the 2014–2015 season to 11.7 hospitalizations per 100 infant-seasons (95% CI, 7.0–18.3) among preterm infants 29 to 30 wGA who were <3 months old in the 2014–2015 RSV season ([Fig. 1B ]).
Fig. 1 (A, B ) RSV hospitalization rates with 95% confidence intervals for 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 RSV seasons. FT, full-term; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; wGA, weeks gestational age.
The 2014–2015 RSV hospitalization rate for commercially insured infants born at 29 to 34 wGA and <3 months old was 2.65 times the rate during the 2013–2014 season (p = 0.0184). Among Medicaid-insured infants, the RSV hospitalization rate was 1.41 times higher (p = 0.0313) for that infant group in multivariable models ([Table 2 ]). Among infants born at 29 to 30 wGA, 31 to 32 wGA, and 33 to 34 wGA and infants <3 months old, there was a consistent trend toward increased risk for RSV hospitalization in the 2014–2015 season, although the increase was not always statistically significant. Among full-term infants, RSV hospitalization rates were similar for the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 RSV seasons. In comparison to the average rate for seasons from 2010 through 2014, RSV hospitalization rates in the 2014–2015 RSV season were significantly higher for infants born at 29 to 34 wGA and <3 months of age ([Supplementary Table 5 ], available in the online version). For infants 3 to <6 months old, there were inconsistent differences in RSV hospitalization rates in 2014–2015 relative to prior seasons across commercial and Medicaid gestational age subgroups. There was a statistically significant decrease in RSV hospitalization rates for full-term infants from the 2010–2014 seasons to the 2014–2015 season.
Table 2
Rate ratios for RSV hospitalization and all-cause bronchiolitis hospitalization in the 2014–2015 RSV season compared with the 2013–2014 RSV season
RSV hospitalizations[a ]
2014–2015 vs. 2013–2014
All-cause bronchiolitis hospitalizations[a ]
2014–2015 vs. 2013–2014
Commercial
Medicaid
Commercial
Medicaid
Age and risk cohorts
RR (95% CI)
p -Value
RR (95% CI)
p -Value
RR (95% CI)
p -Value
RR (95% CI)
p -Value
< 3 months[b ]
29–34 wGA
2.65 (1.18–5.97)
0.0184
1.41 (1.03–1.94)
0.0313
2.10 (1.27–3.48)
0.0037
1.45 (1.10–1.90)
0.0087
29–30 wGA
5.94 (0.69–50.88)
0.1037
2.08 (0.99–4.38)
0.0529
2.98 (0.93–9.49)
0.0653
2.51 (1.29–4.86)
0.0064
31–32 wGA
1.65 (0.63–4.34)
0.3094
1.18 (0.72–1.94)
0.5035
2.05 (0.91–4.65)
0.0840
1.15 (0.76–1.74)
0.5099
33–34 wGA
1.90 (1.03–3.52)
0.0398
1.15 (0.84–1.57)
0.3931
1.52 (0.91–2.54)
0.1081
1.05 (0.80–1.37)
0.7355
35–36 wGA
1.57 (1.08–2.30)
0.0187
0.97 (0.77–1.22)
0.8132
1.59 (1.15–2.22)
0.0055
0.91 (0.74–1.10)
0.3264
Full term[c ]
1.02 (0.88–1.18)
0.7966
0.98 (0.88–1.07)
0.6110
1.08 (0.95–1.22)
0.2483
0.95 (0.87–1.03)
0.2095
3 to <6 months[b ]
29–34 wGA
1.34 (0.63–2.83)
0.4472
1.17 (0.82–1.66)
0.3904
1.70 (0.99–2.91)
0.0527
1.35 (1.04–1.75)
0.0227
29–30 wGA
0.65 (0.11–3.86)
0.6318
2.04 (1.03–4.06)
0.0410
1.69 (0.49–5.77)
0.4035
1.97 (1.22–3.18)
0.0056
31–32 wGA
2.42 (0.76–7.71)
0.1358
0.92 (0.49–1.71)
0.7924
2.21 (0.91–5.37)
0.0804
1.27 (0.78–2.08)
0.3335
33–34 wGA
1.53 (0.75–3.16)
0.2457
0.84 (0.51–1.39)
0.5042
1.32 (0.76–2.29)
0.3219
0.98 (0.68–1.41)
0.9217
35–36 wGA
0.80 (0.48–1.33)
0.3872
1.03 (0.73–1.46)
0.8470
0.82 (0.54–1.26)
0.3697
0.80 (0.62–1.04)
0.1028
Full term[c ]
1.10 (0.90–1.35)
0.3561
0.97 (0.85–1.11)
0.6548
1.01 (0.86–1.18)
0.9407
0.94 (0.84–1.05)
0.2832
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; RR, rate ratio; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; wGA, weeks gestational age.
a RSV: ICD-9-CM 079.6, 466.11, or 480.1; all-cause bronchiolitis: ICD-9-CM 466.11 or 466.19 with no diagnoses of RSV, influenza, bacterial pneumonia, or other viral pathogens.
b Age is captured at any point in the RSV season. Infants may appear in multiple age categories.
c Full-term infants without major health problems.
Analyzing the ratio of RSV hospitalization rates between preterm groups and full-term infants within an individual season, RRs among infants at <6 months of age were greater in 2014–2015 relative to prior seasons ([Fig. 2A, B ]). For example, among infants born at 29 to 30 wGA and <3 months old, RRs were 1.9 and 2.6 for the commercially and Medicaid-insured infants, respectively, in the combined 2010–2014 seasons versus 4.8 and 6.2 in the 2014–2015 season.
Fig. 2 (A, B ) Rate ratios for RSV hospitalization comparing preterm infants to full-term infants by season. RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; wGA, weeks gestational age.
All-Cause Bronchiolitis Hospitalizations
Rates for all-cause bronchiolitis hospitalizations are presented in [Supplementary Fig. 1 ], available in the online version. Results were consistent with the results for RSV hospitalizations. Compared with the 2013–2014 season using multivariable models, hospitalization rates were significantly higher in the 2014–2015 season for commercially and Medicaid-insured infants 29 to 34 wGA and <3 months old ([Table 2 ]). There were no significant differences among full-term infants.
Discussion
This analysis of two large U.S. claims databases showed a significant decrease in the proportion of infants receiving RSV IP following the AAP guidance change recommending against RSV IP among infants born at 29 to 34 wGA without CLDP, CHD, or other conditions. Concurrently, the RSV hospitalization rate for 29 to 34 wGA infants <3 months old during the RSV season increased significantly, while no increase was observed among full-term infants. The increase in the RSV hospitalization rate among 29 to 34 wGA infants <3 months old observed between the seasons immediately before and after the guidance change was also observed when comparing the 2014–2015 RSV season to the average of the 2010–2014 RSV seasons, and this increase was consistent in both commercially and Medicaid-insured infants. Although the ecological design of this study cannot ascribe causality between factors, it appears highly likely that the observed increase in RSV hospitalization rates was due to the decrease in RSV IP, given the established efficacy/effectiveness of palivizumab[21 ]
[22 ]
[23 ] and that the decreased prophylaxis and increased hospitalization rates both occurred among the subset of infants with the greatest risk of severe RSV disease, namely, those <3 months of age during the RSV season.[6 ]
[7 ]
[24 ]
[25 ]
Prior to this study, the contemporary risk of RSV hospitalization among preterm infants recommended for palivizumab was unknown. Some in the medical community have expressed concern about the AAP policy change, and this has led to a discrepancy in the policy of the AAP and other organizations.[21 ]
[26 ] The National Perinatal Association recommends that infants born at 28 to 32 wGA and <6 months old at the start of the RSV season receive prophylaxis.[27 ] The National Perinatal Association also recommends prophylaxis for infants born 32 to <36 wGA who have significant provider-identified RSV risk factors and are <6 months old at the start of the RSV season.[27 ]
Our analysis provides evidence that the change in AAP RSV IP guidelines likely had a negative impact on premature infants 29 to 34 wGA who were <3 months old during the 2014–2015 RSV season. The RSV hospitalization rates observed among 29 to 34 wGA infants in 2014–2015 are similar to rates from studies of RSV hospitalization that were conducted prior to widespread utilization of RSV IP. An analysis of Tennessee Medicaid data from 1989 to 1993 classified infants into mutually exclusive risk categories: BPD, CHD, premature, and other risk factors, and all remaining infants were classified as low risk.[3 ] Compared with low-risk infants <6 months old, an increase in risk for RSV/bronchiolitis hospitalization at 0 to 6 months of age was reported for premature infants ≤28 wGA (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4–3.1), premature infants 29 to 32 wGA (IRR = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4–2.4), and premature infants 33 to 35 wGA (IRR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.5–2.1).[3 ] In another study conducted at the University of Rochester, for infants <32 wGA, it was reported that there was a steady increase in the risk of RSV hospitalization with lower wGA among preterm infants 0 to 12 months without the need for respiratory support after 36 weeks' postconceptual age: 15.0% for ≤26 wGA, 12.7% for 27 to 28 wGA, 10.0% for 29 to 30 wGA, and 6.4% for 31 to 32 wGA.[4 ]
Additionally, the higher rate of RSV hospitalization that we observed among Medicaid-insured infants compared with commercially insured infants is consistent with previous research indicating that insurance type likely impacts RSV-related facility-based utilization. In that analysis, infants insured through Medicaid had significantly greater incidence of RSV-related emergency room visits as well as a greater incidence of RSV-related hospitalizations and intensive care unit admissions, although these differences were not statistically significant.[28 ] An analysis of severe lower respiratory tract infections also found that rates among Medicaid-insured children were twice as high as rates among commercially insured children.[29 ]
Health care utilization related to RSV infection in the 2014–2015 RSV season has been assessed in several data sources, and findings from those studies provide context for our results. Studies conducted at single hospitals by Rajah et al and Blake et al have reported increased RSV morbidity in the 2014–2015 season.[11 ]
[12 ] Additionally, Anderson et al demonstrated an increased frequency of intensive care unit admission and mechanical ventilation among preterm infants hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed RSV disease during the 2014–2015 RSV season.[10 ] Both Rajah et al and Anderson et al noted that infants <3 months old were particularly vulnerable.[10 ]
[11 ] In contrast, Grindeland et al did not observe a significant increase in RSV hospitalizations among all children <2 years old in 2014–2015; however, RSV hospitalization rates among preterm infants were not specifically examined, and the study lacked sufficient statistical power to observe the expected differences in subgroups of patients.[13 ]
[30 ] As a result, failure to demonstrate a difference should not be equated to evidence of a lack of difference. Similarly, Farber examined seasonal RSV and bronchiolitis hospitalization rates among 29 to <32 wGA infants in Texas Medicaid plans during 2012–2015 and did not observe a difference across seasons.[31 ] However, Texas Medicaid continued to provide RSV prophylaxis to 29 to <32 wGA infants in 2014–2015, so no difference would be expected.[32 ]
Although the impact of the AAP guidance change may be significant to the population of infants 29 to 34 wGA, it may be obscured when evaluating the burden of RSV on all infants as a single group.[33 ] Because infants 29 to 34 wGA represent approximately 3% of all births[34 ] and not all are <3 months old during the RSV season, the negative impact in this small but high-risk population will be undetectable in analyses that combine data for infants of all gestational ages and chronological ages. The need for prophylaxis varies substantially depending on infant characteristics, and it is, therefore, critical for studies that inform prophylaxis recommendations to examine outcomes in individual risk groups and to account for factors such as chronological age during the RSV season.
This analysis has limitations that should be noted. RSV hospitalizations were identified using ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes on inpatient claims. Confirmatory laboratory results were not available, as claims databases typically lack these measures. However, high concordance between RSV diagnosis codes in the emergency room setting and positive RSV tests has been found in a previous study.[20 ] Additionally, RSV may be undercoded given that RSV testing is not recommended by the AAP because it does not change the course of treatment.[9 ] The increased rates of all-cause bronchiolitis hospitalization in 29 to 34 wGA infants in 2014–2015 demonstrate that there was an overall increase in bronchiolitis hospitalizations, regardless of whether they were coded as RSV. Utilization of RSV IP among infants <3 months old discharged from their birth hospitalization during the RSV season is underestimated because inpatient RSV IP is not recorded in claims databases. Although it may appear counterintuitive that palivizumab utilization was lower among preterm infants <3 months relative to those 3 to 6 months of age, this is most likely the result of our inability to capture inpatient administration and the fact that preterm infants are often not discharged home until many weeks following birth. Additionally, our rates likely underestimate the burden of RSV hospitalization under a scenario of no prophylaxis because some infants included in this analysis received outpatient RSV IP despite the changes in recommendations. The burden will likely be increased as compliance with the AAP recommendation increases. Despite using two large databases, there were small numbers of infants in some groups, leading to wide CIs and limiting the statistical power to detect differences between seasons. For this reason, the overall results for 29 to 34 wGA infants are the most robust. Our use of hospitalization rates among non–high-risk full-term infants as a reference group may not have fully addressed the potential variation in RSV season severity. Race was available only in the Medicaid database and was therefore not included as a variable in any of the multivariable modeling.
In conclusion, this study provides a national estimate of the real-world impact of the AAP's change in recommendations for RSV IP for 29 to 34 wGA infants without CLDP and CHD. Following this recommendation change, the rates of RSV IP declined significantly and the rates of RSV hospitalization increased significantly, particularly among 29 to 34 wGA infants <3 months old during the RSV season. These findings are of substantial clinical concern given the potential for further increase in insurer acceptance of and provider compliance with the AAP guidance, and will be reevaluated when data from the 2015–2016 RSV season become available.
