Download PDF
Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2003; 16(03): 122-126
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1632767
Original Research
Schattauer GmbH

Cranial cruciate disease: current status of diagnosis, surgery, and risk for disease

T. J. Lampman
1   University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, USA EpiCenter, Inc., Lake Elmo, USA
,
E. M. Lund
1   University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, USA EpiCenter, Inc., Lake Elmo, USA
,
A. J. Lipowitz
1   University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, USA EpiCenter, Inc., Lake Elmo, USA
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Received 05 April 2002

Accepted 06 December 2002

Publication Date:
22 February 2018 (online)

Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Summary

The hypothesis of this study is concerned with the age of onset of cranial cruciate disease (CCD). We believe that dogs are presenting with CCD at a much younger age. We also believe there are other predictable factors that influence whether a dog suffers CCD. In this study we used data from the national companion animal study (NCAS) to compare not only age but body condition score (BCS), sex, diet, and breed. A survey form was given to referral hospitals that also provided information on diagnostic tests, surgical procedures and extent of damage. By using this data we were better able to establish an age at time of diagnoses, BCS, type of injuries and repair methods as well as correlation to type of diet fed. This study found that the average age at diagnosis is slightly younger than previously thought. Most dogs that suffer CCD are of greater than ideal body condition. We were also able to show a relationship between diet and CCD. Spayed females are most affected by CCD followed by neutered males. Those dogs fed a premium or therapeutic diet have a higher incidence of CCD. We were also able to establish baseline information regarding extent of injuries and the current methods of diagnosis and repair. This paper now provides a baseline for the tracking of future data regarding CCD parameters such as age at onset, breed, sex, BCS, methods of diagnosis and repair as well as nutritional factors.

Keywords

Cranial cruciate disease - body condition score
 

  • References

  • 1 Agresti A. Categorical Data Analysis. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1990
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 2 Arnoczky SP, Tarvin GB, Marshall JL. et al. The over the top procedure: a technique for anterior cruciate ligament substitution in the dog. J Am Amin Hosp Assoc 1979; 15: 283.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 3 Aston JW, Williams SA, Alard RN. et al. A new canine cruciate ligament formed through distraction histiogenesis. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research 1992; 280: 30-6.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 4 AVMA. U.S. Pet Ownership & Demographics Sourcebook. Schaumburg: Center for Information Management, 1993
    PubMed
  • 5 Barnes AJ. Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament of the dog; a survey from practices in the Kent region BSAVA. J Small Anim Pract 1977; 18: 55-9.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 6 Bennett D, Tennant B, Lewis DG, Baughan J, May C, Carter S. A reappraisal of anterior cruciate ligament disease in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 1988; 29: 275-97.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 7 Brinker WO, Piermattei DL, Flo GL. (eds). Handbook of Small Animal Orthopedics and Fracture Repair. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1997: 537-55.
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 8 Brown GW. Berkson fallacy revisited. Spurious conclusions from patient surveys. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1976; 130: 56-60.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 9 Burkholder WJ. Body composition of dogs determined by carcass composition analysis, deuterium oxide dilution, subjective and objective morphometry, and bioelectrical impedance. Veterinary Medicine. Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic University, 1994
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 10 Duval JM, Budsberg SC, Flo GL, Sammarco JL. Breed, sex, and body weight as risk factors for rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in young dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 215: 811-4.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 11 Elliot DA, Freeman LM. Assessment of body composition: methods and controversies. Proceedings of the 18th ACVIM Forum; 2000; 7-9.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 12 Flo GL. Modification of the lateral retinacular imbrication technique for stabilizing cruciate ligament injuries. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1975; 11: 570-6.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 13 Gambardella PC, Wallace LJ, Cassidy F. Lateral suture technique for management of anterior cruciate ligament rupture in dogs: a retrospective study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1981; 17: 33-8.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 14 Hand MS, Thatcher CD, Remillard RL. Small animal clinical nutrition: an iterative process. In: Small Animal Clinical Nutrition. Hand MS, Thatcher CD, Remillard RL, Roudebsh P. (eds). Marceline: Walsworth Publishing; 2000: 3-6.
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 15 Harari J. Cranial cruciate ligament injury. The Compendium 1996; 18: 1185-7.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 16 Harasen GLG. A retrospective study of 165 cases of rupture of the canine cranial cruciate ligament. Can Vet J 1995; 36: 250-1.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 17 Hinko PJ. The use of prosthetic ligament in repair of the torn anterior cruciate ligament in the dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1981; 17: 563-74.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 18 Hohn RB, Newton CD. Surgical repair of ligamentous structures of the stifle joint. In: Current Techniques in Small animal Surgery. Bojrab MJ, Ellison GW, Slocum B. (eds). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1975: 470-9.
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 19 Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S. Applied Logistic Regression. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1989: 82-8.
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 20 Hulse DA, Michaelson F, Johnson C, Abdelbaki YZ. A technique for reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in the dog: preliminary report. Vet Surg 1980; 09: 135-40.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 21 Johnson JM, Johnson AL. Cranial cruciate ligament rupture. In: Vet Clin North Am: Small Anim Pract, vol 23. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1993: 717-33.
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 22 Kealy RD, Lawler DF, Ballam JM. et al. Five year longitudinal study on limited food consumption and the development of ostearthritis in coxofemoral joints of dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997; 210: 222-5.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 23 Kealy RD, Olsson SE, Monti KL. et al. Effects of limited food consumption on the incidence of hip dysplasia in growing dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 201: 857-63.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 24 Kleinbaum D, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H. Epidemiologic Research: Principles and Quantitative Methods. New York: Von Nostrand Reinhold; 1982
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 25 Lund EM, Armstrong PJ, Kirk CA. et al. Health status and population characteristics of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 214: 1336-41.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 26 Monnet E, Schwarz PD, Powers B. Popliteal tendon transposition for stabilization of the cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifle joint in dogs: an experimental study. Vet Surg 1995; 24: 465-75.
    CrossrefPubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 27 Moore KW, Read RA. Rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs part I. The Compendium 1996; 18: 223-33.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 28 Moore KW, Read RA. Rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs part II. The Compendium. 1996 18. 381-391. 405
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 29 Richardson DC, Zentek J. Nutrition and osteochondrosis. Vet Clin North Am: Small Anim Pract, vol 28. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1998: 115-35.
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 30 Richardson DC. The role of nutrition in canine hip dysplasia. Vet Clin North Am: Small Anim Pract, vol 22. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1992: 529-40.
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 31 SAS User’s Guide: statistics. 6 ed.. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc; 1991
  • 32 Shires PK, Hulse DA, Liu W. The under-andover fascial replacement technique for anterior cruciate ligament rupture in dogs: a retrospective study. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1984; 20: 69-77.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 33 Slater MR, Robinson LE, Zoran DL. et al. Diet and exercise patterns in pet dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1995; 207: 186-90.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 34 Slocum B, Slocum TD. Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy for repair of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in the canine. In: Vet Clin North Am: Small Anim Pract, vol 23. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1993: 777-95.
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 35 Smith GK, Torg JS. Fibular head transposition for repair of the cruciate-deficient stifle in the dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985; 187: 375-83.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar
  • 36 Vasseur PB. Stifle joint. In: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. second edition. Slatter D. (ed). Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1993: 1831-46.
    Search in Google Scholar
  • 37 Whitehair JG, Vasseur PB, Willits NH. Epidemiology of cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1993; 203: 1016-19.
    PubMedSearch in Google Scholar