Keywords
skull base metastasis - endometrial carcinoma - endoscopic endonasal approach - neuro-oncology - anatomic pathology - middle fossa lesion
Introduction
Endometrial cancer can rarely present with brain metastasis at initial diagnosis or at recurrence.[1] The vast majority reported are supratentorial lesions.[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6] Tumors that are treated with surgery and radiotherapy show a significant survival benefit than those treated with surgery or radiotherapy alone.[1]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11] Chemotherapy has not shown to significantly impact intracranial disease.[1]
In the absence of significant extracranial disease, patients with solitary brain metastases have shown benefit with resection.[12]
[13]
[14] Brain lesions due to endometrial cancer are uncommon, and the only described skull base involvement is limited to the pituitary gland.[15] An extensive skull base endometrial carcinoma metastasis has not been described, and therefore, optimal treatment remains unknown. We describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and surgical resection of a solitary endometrial metastasis involving the infratemporal fossa, middle fossa, cavernous sinus, trigeminal nerve, and nasal sinuses.
Case Report
History and Presentation
We report the case of a 60-year-old female with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Stage IIIc2 endometrial cancer who presented with weeks of right cheek pain and numbness that was accompanied by headaches. Imaging revealed a large right-sided middle fossa and infratemporal mass that involved the cavernous sinus, nasal sinuses, and tracked along the trigeminal nerve into the posterior fossae. At the time of presentation, the patient had no sign of recurrence on abdominal imaging and had excellent functional status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 1. Her previous treatment had included a total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy, and omentectomy, along with pelvic radiation, vaginal cuff brachytherapy, and completion of six cycles of a carboplatin/taxol regimen 18 months prior to her presentation at our clinic.
Operation
Due to extensive nasal (turbinates, sphenoid, and maxillary sinuses) and lateral (temporalis muscle) enhancement, a combined approach was planned, with open and endoscopic stages. A right orbitozygomatic approach was performed for cavernous sinus dural elevation and anterior petrosectomy with exposure of the petrous carotid artery. This allowed for resection of the middle fossa floor, temporal dura, and access to the infratemporal fossa tumor. The anterior petrosectomy allowed complete exposure of the trigeminal nerve, from Meckel's cave to its origin at the pons. The nerve was transected at the pons ([Fig. 1]) and tumor removal proceeded anteriorly to the posterior maxillary sinus. The next day, the patient underwent an extended endonasal approach to the infratemporal fossa. The right nasal turbinates were removed in their entirety, followed by removal of tumor in the sphenoid sinus and clival recess. The resection then proceeded laterally through the pterygoid wedge and plates and temporalis muscles. Residual tumor was left in the cavernous sinus, along the parapharyngeal carotid and internal jugular vein, and along the lateral soft palate to prevent an oral-antral fistula.
Fig. 1 Histologic specimen of trigeminal nerve stained with hematoxylin and eosin at 10× magnification. Arrow delineates normal cranial nerve, with inner foci of tumor. The immunostains on the specimen showed that it was positive for OSCAR, pankeratin, CD8/18, ER (estrogen receptors), and PR (progesterone receptors). The immunochemical and focal histological findings were similar to that seen in the previous uterine specimen.
Postoperative Course
The patient was discharged to home on postoperative day 3. She returned to clinic for routine wound check at 2 weeks and began intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) 1 month after surgery. Systemic chemotherapy (Tamoxifen and Megace) followed radiation. Postoperative films confirmed significant tumor debulking ([Figs. 2] and [3]), with evidence of intended residual at the right cavernous sinus. The patient is alive and well at 12 months following surgery.
Fig. 2 Axial magnetic resonance imaging at level of right trigeminal root on presentation (left) and after resection (right).
Fig. 3 Coronal magnetic resonance imaging at root of zygoma on presentation (left) and after resection (right).
Discussion
Intracranial disease is a rare (< 1%) complication of endometrial cancer, the most common gynecologic cancer.[16]
[17]
[18]
[19] The most common sites of endometrial metastases include pelvic lymph nodes, vagina, peritoneum, or lung.[20] There were 53 reports of intracranial metastases in 2007, reviewed by Orrrú et al;[3] cases reported after this date are summarized in [Table 1]. Risk factors for intracranial metastasis include poorly differentiated histology, higher FIGO grade, and myometrial or lymphovascular invasion.[21]
[22] Our patient exhibited all of these traits.
Table 1
Endometrial intracranial disease reported in the literature after 2007
|
Authors and year
|
No. of cases
|
Median age at diagnosis of IC disease (y)
|
Location of brain lesions
|
Multiple brain metastases
|
EC disease present
|
Treatment
|
Median survival after diagnosis of IC (mo)
|
|
Al-Mujaini et al, 2008[23]
|
1
|
69
|
ST
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
NS
|
NS
|
|
Monaco et al, 2008[21]
|
6
|
60
|
[**]
|
NS
|
NS
|
RT (6)
|
7
|
|
Ramirez et al, 2008[24]
|
1
|
61
|
ST
|
Yes
|
No
|
RT
|
17
|
|
Asensio et al, 2009[25]
|
1
|
72
|
LM
|
No
|
No
|
RT + CHT
|
4
|
|
Srikantia et al, 2009[26]
|
1
|
41
|
ST
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
RT
|
NS
|
|
Forster et al, 2011[27]
|
1
|
58
|
ST
|
Yes
|
Yes
|
RT + CHT
|
10
|
|
Cabuk-Comert et al, 2012[28]
|
2
|
NS
|
IT (2)
|
Yes = 1, No = 1
|
Yes = 2
|
RT (1)
|
17.5
|
|
Gulsen and Terzi, 2013[29]
|
1
|
71
|
ST + IT
|
Yes
|
No
|
Surgery + RT + CHT
|
9
|
|
Nassir et al, 2014[8]
|
1
|
74
|
ST
|
Yes
|
No
|
Surgery + RT
|
13
|
|
Gressel et al, 2015[9]
|
22
|
56
|
[**]
|
Yes = 14, No = 8
|
Yes = 17, No = 5
|
Surgery (1), RT (15), Surgery + RT (2), Pall (4)
|
4.5
|
|
Kim et al, 2015[11]
|
19
|
58 (mean)
|
NS
|
Yes = 8, No = 11
|
Yes = 8, No = 11
|
Surgery + RT (9), RT (5), Pall (2), CHT (3)
|
23 (mean)
|
|
Sawada et al, 2016[30]
|
1
|
40
|
IT
|
No
|
Yes
|
Surgery + RT
|
144
|
|
Uccella et al, 2016[31]
|
18
|
64
|
ST (12), IT (2), ST + IT (4)
|
Yes = 9, No = 9
|
Yes = 11, No = 7
|
RT (6), RT + CHT (1), Surgery + RT (8), Pall (3)
|
6.5
|
|
Kimyon et al, 2017[1]
|
1
|
69
|
[**]
|
No
|
No
|
Surgery + RT
|
21
|
|
Toyoshima et al, 2017[32]
|
2
|
62
|
LM
|
No
|
NS
|
Pall
|
1.5
|
Abbreviations: CHT, chemotherapy; EC, extracranial; IC, intracranial; IT, infratentorial; LM, leptomeningeal; NS, not stated; Pall, palliative care; RT, radiotherapy; ST, supratentorial.
** Stated “brain metastases” or “cerebral mass” without further detail.
With respect to treatment of intracranial endometrial disease, experience is limited to infrequent case reports, with few studies discussing more than two patients.[3]
[4]
[6]
[7]
[9]
[11]
[17]
[21] With these prior studies reporting survival benefit of combined therapy with surgical resection and radiation, versus surgery or radiation alone, a combined approach was planned for our skull base lesion with invasion of the trigeminal nerve.
The patient's constellation of symptoms has been designated the “middle fossa syndrome” by Greenberg et al when describing clinical characteristics of skull base lesions.[33] The origin of this tumor is somewhat ambiguous due to its large size, but we suspect it centered at the pterygopalatine fossa. Although there are previous reports of intracranial endometrial metastases, this is the first reported skull base metastasis from an endometrial primary, treated with aggressive debulking via a combined open and extended endoscopic approach.
An extended endonasal approach complemented our craniotomy. The craniotomy gave us access to perform complex dural repair and insert a rigid cranioplasty to separate the middle fossa and intracranial space from the nasal cavity after an extensive bony resection.[34] The endoscope provided access to tumor medial to the cavernous sinus in the sphenoid sinus, clival recess, as well as the turbinates in the nasal cavity. In preoperative discussion with the patient, planned residual was left in the cavernous sinus due to lack of significant cranial nerve palsies. Three month's MRI revealed continued decrease in residual tumor volume.
In regards to skull base metastases, endoscopy has expanded access along, most notably the anterior skull base, but also the middle and posterior fossae. The benefits of using the endoscopic approach for our patient included avoiding a transfacial or transoral procedure with associated morbidity of oral-antral fistula, need for a lateral rhinotomy incision along the face and higher infection rates associated with transoral approaches. The patient was able to have her diet and activity advanced immediately after surgery, and was able to discharge once pain was well-controlled on oral analgesics.
Despite its suspected indolent course and previous reference as a “neurophobic” tumor,[8] intracranial endometrial adenocarcinoma metastases are gaining higher prevalence in the U.S. population due to better survival rates. Further study should focus on multicenter pooling of data to determine the best treatment of this disease and to characterize the site of metastases. In addition to this report, there are other documented endometrial adenocarcinoma cases involving the scalp,[35]
[36] cranial bones,[37] and paranasal sinuses,[38]
[39] suggesting the incidence of distant endometrial metastases remains unknown. This case report documents the first direct neural spread of an endometrial primary, and highlights the potential for extra-axial sites of metastasis.
