Yearb Med Inform 1994; 03(01): 85-94
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1637997
Review Paper
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart

Nursing Informatics: State of the Science

S. J. Grobe
1   School of Nursing, The University of Texas, Austin, Tx, USA
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Address of the author:

Susan J. Grobe, Ph.D., FAAN, FAAMI
LaQuinta Professor of Nursing
The University of Texas at Austin School of Nursing
1700 Red River
Austin, Texas 78701-1499
USA.

Publication History

Publication Date:
05 March 2018 (online)

 

Abstract

Nursing informatics is a combination of computer science, information science and nursing science designed to support the practice and delivery of patient care. Using the informatics model of data, information and knowledge, the nature of automated systems to support clinicians in their delivery of high-quality care are described from their inception to their current state, and the importance of research to advance the state of nursing know ledge are emphasized. The evolution of clinical care systems and nursing management systems are viewed, as is the progress of the scientific work relative to nursing informatics. Milestones in the advancing state of the science are identified and the conclusion is drawn that although nursing informatics has evolved, much scientifically based work remains. Key nursing informatics resources identified in the paper support this conclusion about what remains to be accomplished.


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  • References

  • 1 Graves JR, Corcoran S. The study of nursing informatics. Image: J Nurs Schol 1989; 21: 227-31.
  • 2 National Center for Nursing Research. Nursing Informatics: Enhancing Patient Care. In the Series: National Nursing Research Agenda: Developing Knowledge for Practice: Challenges and Opportunities. Bethesda MD: National Center for Nursing Research, 1993; NIH Publication No. 93-2419.
  • 3 Cornell SA, Bush F. Systems approach to nursing care plans. Am J Nurs 1971; 71: 1376-8.
  • 4 Wesseling E. Automating the nursing history and care plan. J Nurs Adm 1972; 3: 34-8.
  • 5 Mayers MG. A Systematic Approach to the Nursing Care Plan . New York NY: Meredith Corporation; 1972
  • 6 Cook M, Mayers MG. Computer -assisted database fornursingresearch. In: Werley HH, Grier MR. eds. Nursing Information Systems. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1981: 149-56.
  • 7 Werley HH, Grier MR. eds. Nursing Information Systems . New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1981
  • 8 Jotwani P. A nursing centered patient information system. In: Werley HH, Grier MR. eds. Nursing Information System;. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1981: 179-95.
  • 9 Prendergast JA, Inns JE. Spectra: A computerized medical information system. In: Werley HH, Grier MR. eds. Nursing Information Systems. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1981: 214-20.
  • 10 Rosenberg M, Carriker D. Automating nurses’ notes. Am J Nurs 1966; 66: 1021-3.
  • 11 Hughes SJ. Developing a patient care planning system for automation. In: Werley HH, Grier MR. eds. Nursing Information Systems. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1981: 143-8.
  • 12 Saba VK, Levine E. Patient care module in community health nursing. In: Werley HH, Grier MR. eds. Nursing Information Systems. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1981: 243-62.
  • 13 Drazen E, Wechsler A, Wiig K. Requirements for computerized patient monitoring systems. In: Zielstorff RD. ed. Computers in Nursing. Wakefield MA: Nursing Resources Inc.; 1980
  • 14 Johnson DS, Ranzenberger J. A computer-based monitoring system for hospital-wide patient monitoring. In: Werley HH, Grier MR. eds. Nursing Information Systems. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1981: 96-213.
  • 15 National League for Nursing. Report of a conference: State of the art in management information systems for public/ community health agencies. (National League for Nursing Publication No. 21- 1637). NY: National League for Nursing; 1976
  • 16 Highriter ME. A computerized nursing management information system foridentification and community followup of high-risk infants. In: Werley HH, Grier MR. eds. Nursing Information Systems. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1981: 162-78.
  • 17 Morrish AR, Connor AR. Cyclic scheduling. Hospitals 1970; 44: 67-71.
  • 18 Murray OJ. Computer makes the schedules for nurses. Mod Hospital 1971; 11 7: 104-5.
  • 19 Giovannetti PG. Patient classification systems in nursing: A description and analysis. 1978; Department of Health Education and Welfare, Pub. No. 78-22 NTIS No. HRP 0500 501. Hyattsvillle, MD: USDHEW;
  • 20 Werley HH, Lang NM. eds. Identification of the Nursing Minimum Data Set . NY: Springer; 1988
  • 21 Institute of Medicine. Dick RS, Steen EB. eds. The Computer-Based. Patient Record: An Essential Technology for Health Care . Washington DC: National Academy Press; 1991
  • 22 Gabler JM. Informatics and integration. In Ball MJ, Hannah KJ, Gerdin Jelger U, Peterson H. eds. Nursing Informatics: Where Caring and Technology Meet. NY: Springer-Verlag; 1988: 52-63.
  • 23 Zielstorff RD, Hudgings CI, Grobe SJ. Next Generation Nursing Information Systems: Essential Characteristics for Professional Practice . Washington DC: American Nurses’ Association Publ; 1993
  • 24 Hammond WE. Health Level?: A protocol for the interchange of healthcare data. In: De Moor GJE, McDonald CJ, van Goor IN. eds. Progress in Standardization in Health Care Informatics. Amsterdam: IOS Press; 1993: 144-8.
  • 25 Lindberg DAB, Humphreys BL, McCray AT. The unified medical language system. In: Van Bemmel JH, McCray AT. eds. Yearbook of Medical Informatics: Sharing Knowledge and Information. Stuttgart: Schattauer Verlag mbH; 1993: 41-51.
  • 26 Henry SB, Holzemer WL, Reilly CA, Campbell KE. Terms used by nurses to describe patient problems: Can SNOMED III represent nursing concepts in the patient record?. J Am Med Inform Assoc 1994; 1: 61-74.
  • 27 Grobe SJ. Nursing intervention lexicon and taxonomy study: Language and classification methods. Adv Nurs Sci 1991; 13: 22-33.
  • 28 McCormick KA. A Unified Nursing Language System. In: Ball MJ, Hannah KJ, Gerdin Jelger U, Peterson H. eds. Nursing Informatics: Where Caring and Technology Meet. NY: Springer-Verlag; 1988: 168-78.
  • 29 Saba VK. The classification of home health care nursing diagnoses and interventions. Caring 1992; 11: 5-7.
  • 30 McCloskey JC, Bulechek GM. Classification of nursing interventions. J Prof Nurs 1990; 6: 151-57.
  • 31 Martin KA., Scheet N. The Omaha System: Applications for Community Health Nursing . Philadelphia PA: Saunders; 1992
  • 32 Wake MM, Murphy M, Affara FA, Lang NM, Clark J, Mortensen R. Toward an international classification for nursing practice: A literature review and survey. Int Nurs Rev 1993; 3: 77-90.
  • 33 Grobe SJ, Hughes LC. The conceptual validity of a taxonomy of nursing interventions. J Adv Nurs 1993; 8: 1942-61.
  • 34 Ozbolt JG, Fruchtnight JN, Hayden JR. Toward data standards for nursing information. J Am Med Inform Assoc 1994; 1: 175-85.
  • 35 Zielstorff RD, McHugh ML, Clinton J. Computer Design Criteria: For Systems that Support the Nursing Process. Kansas City MO: American Nurses’ Association. 1988. Currently Washington DC: American Nurses’ Association Publishing;
  • 36 Hughes S.. In: Ball MJ, Hannah KJ, Gerdin Jelger U, Peterson H. eds. Nursing Informatics: Where Caring and Technology Meet . NY: Springer-Verlag; 1988: 138-45.
  • 37 Simpson RL. The Nurse Executive’s Guide to Directing and Managing Nurse Information Systems . Ann Arbor MI: Center for Healthcare Information Management; 1993
  • 38 Preliminary Program: Nursing lnformatics-94. Austin TX: The University of Texas at Austin, School of Nursing; 1994
  • 39 Ozbolt JG, Graves JR. Clinical nursing informatics: Developing tools for knowledge workers. In: Advances in Clinical Nursing Research. Nurs Clinics North America 1993; 28: 407-25.
  • 40 National Center for Nursing Research. Patient outcomes research: examining the effectiveness of nursing practice. In: Proceedings of the State of the Science Conference on Patient Outcomes Research. Bethesda MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Nursing Research 1991
  • 41 Canadian Nurses Association. Papers from the Nursing Minimum Data Set Conference.. Ottawa Ont: Canadian Nurses Association; 1993
  • 42 Corcoran-Perry S, Graves JR. Supplemental information seeking behaviors of cardiovascular nurses. Res Nurs Health 1990; 13: 199-227.
  • 43 Zielstorff RD, Jette AM, Barnett GO. Issues in designing an automated record system for clinical care and research. Adv Nurs Science 1990; 13: 75-88.

Address of the author:

Susan J. Grobe, Ph.D., FAAN, FAAMI
LaQuinta Professor of Nursing
The University of Texas at Austin School of Nursing
1700 Red River
Austin, Texas 78701-1499
USA.

  • References

  • 1 Graves JR, Corcoran S. The study of nursing informatics. Image: J Nurs Schol 1989; 21: 227-31.
  • 2 National Center for Nursing Research. Nursing Informatics: Enhancing Patient Care. In the Series: National Nursing Research Agenda: Developing Knowledge for Practice: Challenges and Opportunities. Bethesda MD: National Center for Nursing Research, 1993; NIH Publication No. 93-2419.
  • 3 Cornell SA, Bush F. Systems approach to nursing care plans. Am J Nurs 1971; 71: 1376-8.
  • 4 Wesseling E. Automating the nursing history and care plan. J Nurs Adm 1972; 3: 34-8.
  • 5 Mayers MG. A Systematic Approach to the Nursing Care Plan . New York NY: Meredith Corporation; 1972
  • 6 Cook M, Mayers MG. Computer -assisted database fornursingresearch. In: Werley HH, Grier MR. eds. Nursing Information Systems. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1981: 149-56.
  • 7 Werley HH, Grier MR. eds. Nursing Information Systems . New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1981
  • 8 Jotwani P. A nursing centered patient information system. In: Werley HH, Grier MR. eds. Nursing Information System;. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1981: 179-95.
  • 9 Prendergast JA, Inns JE. Spectra: A computerized medical information system. In: Werley HH, Grier MR. eds. Nursing Information Systems. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1981: 214-20.
  • 10 Rosenberg M, Carriker D. Automating nurses’ notes. Am J Nurs 1966; 66: 1021-3.
  • 11 Hughes SJ. Developing a patient care planning system for automation. In: Werley HH, Grier MR. eds. Nursing Information Systems. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1981: 143-8.
  • 12 Saba VK, Levine E. Patient care module in community health nursing. In: Werley HH, Grier MR. eds. Nursing Information Systems. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1981: 243-62.
  • 13 Drazen E, Wechsler A, Wiig K. Requirements for computerized patient monitoring systems. In: Zielstorff RD. ed. Computers in Nursing. Wakefield MA: Nursing Resources Inc.; 1980
  • 14 Johnson DS, Ranzenberger J. A computer-based monitoring system for hospital-wide patient monitoring. In: Werley HH, Grier MR. eds. Nursing Information Systems. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1981: 96-213.
  • 15 National League for Nursing. Report of a conference: State of the art in management information systems for public/ community health agencies. (National League for Nursing Publication No. 21- 1637). NY: National League for Nursing; 1976
  • 16 Highriter ME. A computerized nursing management information system foridentification and community followup of high-risk infants. In: Werley HH, Grier MR. eds. Nursing Information Systems. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1981: 162-78.
  • 17 Morrish AR, Connor AR. Cyclic scheduling. Hospitals 1970; 44: 67-71.
  • 18 Murray OJ. Computer makes the schedules for nurses. Mod Hospital 1971; 11 7: 104-5.
  • 19 Giovannetti PG. Patient classification systems in nursing: A description and analysis. 1978; Department of Health Education and Welfare, Pub. No. 78-22 NTIS No. HRP 0500 501. Hyattsvillle, MD: USDHEW;
  • 20 Werley HH, Lang NM. eds. Identification of the Nursing Minimum Data Set . NY: Springer; 1988
  • 21 Institute of Medicine. Dick RS, Steen EB. eds. The Computer-Based. Patient Record: An Essential Technology for Health Care . Washington DC: National Academy Press; 1991
  • 22 Gabler JM. Informatics and integration. In Ball MJ, Hannah KJ, Gerdin Jelger U, Peterson H. eds. Nursing Informatics: Where Caring and Technology Meet. NY: Springer-Verlag; 1988: 52-63.
  • 23 Zielstorff RD, Hudgings CI, Grobe SJ. Next Generation Nursing Information Systems: Essential Characteristics for Professional Practice . Washington DC: American Nurses’ Association Publ; 1993
  • 24 Hammond WE. Health Level?: A protocol for the interchange of healthcare data. In: De Moor GJE, McDonald CJ, van Goor IN. eds. Progress in Standardization in Health Care Informatics. Amsterdam: IOS Press; 1993: 144-8.
  • 25 Lindberg DAB, Humphreys BL, McCray AT. The unified medical language system. In: Van Bemmel JH, McCray AT. eds. Yearbook of Medical Informatics: Sharing Knowledge and Information. Stuttgart: Schattauer Verlag mbH; 1993: 41-51.
  • 26 Henry SB, Holzemer WL, Reilly CA, Campbell KE. Terms used by nurses to describe patient problems: Can SNOMED III represent nursing concepts in the patient record?. J Am Med Inform Assoc 1994; 1: 61-74.
  • 27 Grobe SJ. Nursing intervention lexicon and taxonomy study: Language and classification methods. Adv Nurs Sci 1991; 13: 22-33.
  • 28 McCormick KA. A Unified Nursing Language System. In: Ball MJ, Hannah KJ, Gerdin Jelger U, Peterson H. eds. Nursing Informatics: Where Caring and Technology Meet. NY: Springer-Verlag; 1988: 168-78.
  • 29 Saba VK. The classification of home health care nursing diagnoses and interventions. Caring 1992; 11: 5-7.
  • 30 McCloskey JC, Bulechek GM. Classification of nursing interventions. J Prof Nurs 1990; 6: 151-57.
  • 31 Martin KA., Scheet N. The Omaha System: Applications for Community Health Nursing . Philadelphia PA: Saunders; 1992
  • 32 Wake MM, Murphy M, Affara FA, Lang NM, Clark J, Mortensen R. Toward an international classification for nursing practice: A literature review and survey. Int Nurs Rev 1993; 3: 77-90.
  • 33 Grobe SJ, Hughes LC. The conceptual validity of a taxonomy of nursing interventions. J Adv Nurs 1993; 8: 1942-61.
  • 34 Ozbolt JG, Fruchtnight JN, Hayden JR. Toward data standards for nursing information. J Am Med Inform Assoc 1994; 1: 175-85.
  • 35 Zielstorff RD, McHugh ML, Clinton J. Computer Design Criteria: For Systems that Support the Nursing Process. Kansas City MO: American Nurses’ Association. 1988. Currently Washington DC: American Nurses’ Association Publishing;
  • 36 Hughes S.. In: Ball MJ, Hannah KJ, Gerdin Jelger U, Peterson H. eds. Nursing Informatics: Where Caring and Technology Meet . NY: Springer-Verlag; 1988: 138-45.
  • 37 Simpson RL. The Nurse Executive’s Guide to Directing and Managing Nurse Information Systems . Ann Arbor MI: Center for Healthcare Information Management; 1993
  • 38 Preliminary Program: Nursing lnformatics-94. Austin TX: The University of Texas at Austin, School of Nursing; 1994
  • 39 Ozbolt JG, Graves JR. Clinical nursing informatics: Developing tools for knowledge workers. In: Advances in Clinical Nursing Research. Nurs Clinics North America 1993; 28: 407-25.
  • 40 National Center for Nursing Research. Patient outcomes research: examining the effectiveness of nursing practice. In: Proceedings of the State of the Science Conference on Patient Outcomes Research. Bethesda MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Nursing Research 1991
  • 41 Canadian Nurses Association. Papers from the Nursing Minimum Data Set Conference.. Ottawa Ont: Canadian Nurses Association; 1993
  • 42 Corcoran-Perry S, Graves JR. Supplemental information seeking behaviors of cardiovascular nurses. Res Nurs Health 1990; 13: 199-227.
  • 43 Zielstorff RD, Jette AM, Barnett GO. Issues in designing an automated record system for clinical care and research. Adv Nurs Science 1990; 13: 75-88.