Venous thromboembolism remains a major challenge in clinical practice, despite recent
advances over the years.[1] In particular, the post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) occurs in up to 50% of patients
following an acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT).[2] Although frequently under-appreciated by many non-specialty providers, this condition
is associated with poor quality of life measures and significant societal costs. Yet,
predicting which patients will suffer these outcomes has not been an easy task.
In this issue of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Méan et al publish their risk prediction model for the development of PTS in elderly
patients with acute DVT.[3] They used a prospective multi-centre cohort study of Swiss patients aged ≥ 65 years
with a first acute, symptomatic DVT. Of the 267 patients in their cohort, 161 (58.3%)
developed PTS within the first 24 months of follow-up. As shown in [Table 1], key predictors of PTS in this study include frequently cited risk factors (e.g.
age, extent of DVT and venous insufficiency) and other easily obtained clinical elements
(e.g. medication use and specific symptoms). In their study cohort, 16.3% of patients
were classified as low risk (score, 0–3), of whom 24.4% developed PTS. More than half
of patients (52.5%) were classified as high risk (score, ≥ 6), of whom 80.7% developed
PTS during the 24-month follow-up period. Overall, the Méan et al risk model had a
high discriminatory ability (area under the curve of 0.87) with sensitivity and specificity
values greater than 70%.
Table 1
Risk prediction models for post-thrombotic syndrome
|
Méan et al model
|
SOXtrial model
|
|
|
Age ≥ 75 y
|
+1
|
Iliac vein involvement
|
1
|
|
Concomitant anti-platelet or NSAID therapy
|
+1
|
BMI ≥ 35
|
2
|
|
Multi-level thrombosis
|
+1
|
Baseline Villalta score > 14 (severe PTS)
|
2
|
|
Prior varicose vein surgery
|
+1
|
Baseline Villalta score 10–14 (moderate PTS)
|
1
|
|
Other leg signs and symptoms of PTS
|
+1 for each
|
|
|
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
PTS, post-thrombotic syndrome.
While the data may initially look overwhelmingly convincing, some nuances must be
considered. First, this risk model was developed on a modest size population of largely
homogenous patients and should be externally validated in more diverse populations
before widespread use. This is particularly true given that this score was developed
on elderly patients (age ≥ 65 years) from a single country and therefore may not be
generalizable to younger patients and those from other regions of the world or non-Caucasian
races. Second, the use of the Villalta scale to define PTS likely impacted the high
rates of PTS seen in the study.[4] PTS defined by Villalta is known to be as many as five times higher than the definitions
based on other criteria, such as the Ginsberg criteria, which has been used in more
recent studies, such as the SOXtrial.[2] Finally, while risk stratification can be achieved, how it will impact care remains
to be identified. In the case of the Méan et al risk model, the only potentially modifiable
risk factor is the concomitant use of anti-platelet or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drug therapy. Also, it is more likely that the underlying reason that a patient takes
these medications is the true risk factor for PTS rather than the use of the medications
themselves. Furthermore, the two most promising preventative strategies (use of compression
stockings and pharmacomechanical thrombolysis) have not demonstrated benefit in recent
trials.[5]
[6]
Nonetheless, these data are promising and intriguing. First, while the derivation
population was relatively modest in size and non-homogenous, the model demonstrated
excellent discriminatory ability and reasonably high sensitivity and specificity characteristics,in
contrast to the recently developed SOXtrial model ([Table 1]), which was developed from a larger study cohort but did not have as high a degree
of discrimination (c statistic 0.65 vs.0.79 for the Méan et al model, each in their derivation cohort).[7] To help put this into perspective, the commonly used CHA2DS2-VASc stroke risk score for patient with atrial fibrillation had a relatively modest
c statistic of 0.61 in its derivation study and 0.66 in a large validation study.[8]
[9]
Second, while the recent Acute Venous Thrombosis: Thrombus Removal With Adjunctive
Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis (ATTRACT) trial of pharmacomechanical thrombolysis
failed to show robust benefit for the prevention of PTS in acute DVT patients, there
is also reason to think that better patient selection may be associated with benefit.[6] In that study, only 57% of the study population experienced proximal DVT and there
was a reduction in moderate-to-severe PTS (18% vs.24%, risk ratio, 0.73, 95% confidence
interval, 0.54–0.98). When considered in light of the Méan et al risk model, patients
with multi-level thrombosis, prior varicose vein surgery or multiple signs and symptoms
of PTS at the time of DVT diagnosis are at increased risk of developing PTS. Perhaps,
if these higher risk patients constituted the majority of the ATTRACT trial population
then the overall results may have more closely mirrored those of the moderate-to-severe
PTS sub-population. This is consistent with the findings of a recent multi-disciplinary
consensus panel who recommend future trials of endovascular therapy focus on patients
with more advanced forms of PTS and in patients with iliac DVT.[10]
Moving forward, Méan et al have provided interesting data for both clinicians and
researchers to ponder. Clinicians may find this tool to be a useful guide when talking
to patients about the risk of developing PTS following an acute DVT. However, clinicians
should be cautioned about quoting exact point estimates until the risk score is externally
validated in broader populations of acute DVT patients. For researchers, it will become
important to understand the differences between the Méan et al and SOXtrial models,
their respective predictive abilities in diverse populations and how they could potentially
impact clinical decision making.[3]
[7] It will also be important to understand how well these risk prediction models perform
when patient-reported symptoms are used systematically to diagnose PTS.[11] Indeed, patient-reported outcome measures in PTS have been highlighted, whereby
patients with PTS report significantly worse physical health, mental health and disease-specific
quality of life.[12]
For a disease as prevalent and debilitating as PTS, any effort to better identify
risk and inform therapies designed to prevent its development is a worthwhile endeavour.
