Keywords
mucocele - paranasal sinus diseases - chronic rhinosinusitis - endoscopic sinus surgery - marsupialization
Introduction
Paranasal sinus mucocele is a benign disease characterized by mucus filling of a paranasal sinus, with possible expansion.[1] Lesions are usually lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium, but, in some cases, may be associated with areas of squamous epithelium, inflammatory cell infiltration, bone resorption, and new bone formation.[2] It is most common in adults, and usually originates from a sinus obstruction, which may be spontaneous or secondary to factors such as trauma or past paranasal sinus surgery.[3] Sinus mucocele is rare in the pediatric population, and such cases should prompt investigation of cystic fibrosis.[4]
The most common locations are the frontal and ethmoidal sinus (frontoethmoidal distribution). Comparatively, the maxillary and sphenoid sinus are less often affected.[5] Other rare locations have been described in the literature, including the crista galli,[6] Onodi cell,[7] pneumatized middle turbinate (concha bullosa),[8] Haller cell,[9] and even in the pneumatized uncinate process.[10]
Clinically, besides the usual symptoms of sinusitis, patients with mucocele usually present specifically with headache or facial pain.[3] If intracranial or orbital extension has occurred, patients may report visual disturbances or exhibit proptosis.[11]
Surgery is the only curative treatment, and the endoscopic marsupialization technique can solve most cases.[12] This procedure is usually done under general anesthesia. In patients without anxiety, septated mucoceles, or neo-osteogenesis, in-office drainage with only topical anesthesia has been reported.[13] Most surgically treated patients in whom the periosteum is preserved have good outcomes, including bone regeneration.[14]
The present study describes the clinical characteristics of a series of patients who underwent surgical treatment for paranasal sinus mucocele at the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) service of a tertiary care hospital and provides an update on the natural history and outcomes of this disease.
Methodology
Data on patients who underwent surgical treatment for paranasal sinus mucocele at the study facility between January 2005 and December 2016 were collected retrospectively. The parameters of interest were age, sex, possible etiology, and presentation (sinonasal symptoms, facial deformity, visual changes, proptosis, headache, and facial pain).
All patients underwent computed tomography (CT) to determine the location of mucocele and presence of orbital or intracranial extension, as well as for surgical planning. In cases of cranial or orbital extension, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed for additional evaluation.
Treatment generally consisted of wide opening of the affected paranasal sinus with marsupialization of the mucocele while preserving its lining mucosa. Procedures were performed exclusively by endonasal sinus surgery (ESS) technique or via a combination of open surgical access and the endonasal route.
The intraoperative findings and any complications were recorded. Postoperative follow-up lasted a minimum of 5 years. Patients were seen weekly until evidence of successful healing was identified; depending on the progression of healing, follow-up became monthly, semiannual, and annual thereafter.
The study was approved by the local Research Ethics Committee.
Results
From January 2005 to December 2016, 46 patients with paranasal sinus mucocele (26 men, 20 women; mean age 50.1 years, range 13–84 years) underwent surgery at the service where the study was conducted. Pain was the most common symptom, reported by 28 patients, followed by facial deformity (n = 18), proptosis (n = 14), and visual disturbances (n = 6).
On imaging (CT or MRI), 20 patients exhibited dehiscence or extension of the mucocele to the orbital space. In addition, 12 patients had skull base extension or erosion, one had anterior maxillary wall erosion, one had posterior maxillary wall erosion, and two had maxillary floor extension ([Fig. 1]).
Fig. 1 (A) Axial CT image of the paranasal sinus showing an extensive, homogeneous mucocele in the left frontal sinus, with apparent bone defect of the posterior wall. (B) MRI showing extensive T2 hyperintensities indicative of mucocele in the left frontal sinus, with associated extension to the ipsilateral orbit.
The most commonly affected locations, in descending order, were the frontal sinus (43.5%), maxillary sinus (19.6%), frontoethmoidal sinus (8.7%), ethmoidal sinus (6.5%), and sphenoidal sinus (4.3%). Multiple-sinus involvement was detected in six patients: two with large mucoceles extending to the ipsilateral maxillary, ethmoidal, and frontal sinuses and four with concomitant maxillary and ethmoidal sinus involvement. Surprisingly, in one case, we identified a frontoethmoidal sinus mucocele on the right side and a large concha bullosa mucocele on the left ([Fig. 2]). Another patient presented with an isolated concha bullosa mucocele.
Fig. 2 Coronal CT image of the paranasal sinuses with bone window. A large frontoethmoidal mucocele is visible on the right side, and a concha bullosa mucocele on the left.
Of the 46 patients, 10 (21.7%) had a history of chronic rhinosinusitis. History of cranial trauma was reported by eight patients (17.4%), and nine (19.6%) had undergone previous paranasal sinus surgery. One patient had been treated for leukemia, one had an IgG4-associated pseudotumor of the lacrimal duct, and another had undergone radiation therapy for nasal lymphoepithelioma.
All patients underwent surgery under general anesthesia. Forty-one (89.1%) had endoscopic sinus marsupialization alone, while five (10.9%) required a combination of open access and ESS. All patients who required open access were treated for frontal mucocele (three for the first time and two for recurrence).
Intraoperative complications occurred in three cases: one minor lamina papyracea injury and two cases of heavy bleeding controlled during surgery, with no need to interrupt the procedure and no need for transfusion.
At the time of writing, seven patients (15.2%) had developed recurrences, five with frontal and two with frontoethmoidal mucocele.
Discussion
In this paper, we reviewed a series of 46 patients who underwent surgical treatment of paranasal sinus mucocele at a university-affiliated tertiary care center between January 2005 and December 2016.
According to the literature, patients with paranasal sinus mucocele usually present between the fifth and sixth decades of life.[3]
[11]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17] Our patients had a median age of 50.1 years, which is consistent with this profile.
Analysis of the most prevalent symptoms in our sample revealed that 60.9% of patients reported pain before surgery, which is also consistent with current knowledge.[13]
[17] Ocular symptoms, such as visual disturbance and proptosis, are due to the close relationship of all paranasal sinuses with the orbit.[11] Accordingly, other prevalent symptoms were proptosis, present in 14 patients (30.4%), and visual disturbance, present in six (13%). Of those with proptosis, 11 had a frontal sinus mucocele, two had an ethmoidal mucocele, and one had a maxillary sinus mucocele. Orbital or intracranial extension are most often associated with frontal mucocele.[17]
All patients underwent CT scan and, in case of cranial or orbital invasion, MRI. Imaging showed involvement of the orbit in 20 patients (43.5%), of the skull base in 12 (26.1%), and of the anterior maxillary wall, posterior wall and sinus floor in one patient each. Extension of mucocele to the orbit and skull base is very prevalent in the literature, with the orbit being more commonly affected.[5]
[13]
[14]
[17] According to current data, erosion of the orbit and skull can occur in up to 83.3% and 55.5% of cases respectively.[5]
In our sample, the frontal sinus was the most commonly affected site, as in previous studies.[13]
[14]
[17] Of 27 patients with frontal mucocele, 20 had isolated frontal lesions, five had lesions that extended to the ethmoid, and two involved the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses (one of these patients also had concha bullosa mucocele). Unlike in previous studies, however, the maxillary sinus was more commonly affected than the ethmoid. In the sample as a whole, 15 patients had some extension to the maxillary sinus, while 14 had involvement of the ethmoid.
When mucocele has a possibly identifiable etiological cause, it is known as secondary mucocele.[17] Among these causes, a history of craniofacial trauma or paranasal sinus surgery is frequently reported.[3] Overall, 19.6% of our patients had a history of surgery, while 17.4% reported previous craniofacial trauma.
The only effective treatment for paranasal sinus mucocele is surgery.[14] Intraoperatively, purulent discharge, which characterizes so-called mucopyocele, was identified in 80.4% of patients. Of these, 37.8% had received antibiotics before surgery, which reinforces the notion that antibiotics are ineffective as a single treatment option for mucocele.
Endoscopic marsupialization could be performed successfully in almost all cases (89.1%). Image-guided navigation is not available at the service where the study was performed. Therefore, in cases of frontal mucocele in which marsupialization could not be performed fully endoscopically, we used combined open and endoscopic access. This was required especially for lateral frontal mucoceles and cases with extensive inferior neo-osteogenesis in the frontal recess or septations in the mucocele. All patients who required a combined approach had frontal sinus involvement.
In a recent meta-analysis of frontal sinus mucocele treatment, 542 patients who underwent surgery between 2002 and 2014 were assessed. Of these, 53.9% were treated endoscopically, 37.5% via external access, and 8.8% via a combined approach.[18] In our study, 27 patients required surgical approach to the frontal sinus; of these, only 18.5% required combined access. Mucoceles present in the other paranasal sinuses were effectively treated by ESS. In short, ESS proved to be effective in the majority of mucoceles, even those affecting the frontal sinus.
Regarding intraoperative complications, two patients had heavy bleeding, which did not require interruption of the surgical procedure or blood transfusion. Another patient had injury of the lamina papyracea without periorbital injury or exposure of orbital contents. These three complications occurred in endoscopically treated patients and represent 6.5% of these surgeries, a complication rate above that described in the literature.[18] After surgery, all patients reported symptom relief.
On average, recurrence of paranasal sinus mucocele develops in the fourth year after surgery.[3]
[17] At the time of writing, recurrence had been detected in seven patients (15.2%), which is within the range described in the literature (9% to 23.5%).[3]
[17] These seven were operated by endoscopy, one of whom required combined access. Based on location, despite wide opening, thorough postoperative care, and healing of the frontal recess, five recurrences developed in the frontal sinus and two were frontoethmoidal. This rate of recurrence may be associated with the fact that we prioritized ESS over combined access whenever possible, as well as with the absence of image-guided navigation. Longer postoperative follow-up is needed to evaluate all patients in the series for potential recurrence, particularly those operated more recently.
Conclusions
This paper reported a series of patients with paranasal sinus mucocele and reviewed the diagnosis and treatment of this unusual entity. A presenting complaint of progressive, localized facial pain, especially in patients between the fifth and sixth decades of life and when associated with facial deformities or visual disturbances, should raise suspicion of a possible diagnosis of mucocele. Beyond physical examination and nasal endoscopy, CT scan and, in select cases, MRI are essential to confirm diagnosis of mucocele, determine the location of the lesion, and evaluate possible involvement of the orbit or skull base.
Endoscopic marsupialization has proven to be an effective therapeutic modality, and its use should be encouraged. Some patients with frontal mucocele will require combined access, especially when the lesion is located more laterally or associated with abundant neo-osteogenesis, which can hinder opening of the frontal recess.
