The Effectiveness of the Cold Therapy (cryotherapy) in the Management of Inflammatory Parameters after Removal of Mandibular Third Molars: A Meta-Analysis

Keywords

third molar - cryotherapy - cold therapy - maxillofacial surgery

Introduction

The removal of mandibular third molars is one of the most common procedures performed by dental surgeons, either for prophylactic purposes or to treat problems caused by the presence of these teeth, such as caries in adjacent teeth,[1] periodontal changes,[2] or lack of space in the dental arch and consequent problems in dental occlusion.[3] However, even with the best preoperative procedures and trans-surgical ducts, exaggerated inflammatory reactions that cause trismus, edema, and pain may be present.[4] Despite these signs and symptoms, which are expected due to the inflammatory response to the tissue trauma resulting from the surgery, they often cause discomfort to the patient and can affect them in daily activities.[5] [6] [7]

The cold therapy, or cryotherapy, is the local or systemic application of cold through various methods for therapeutic purposes to lower the temperature of the skin and subcutaneous tissues.[8] Physicians often recommend the use of ice for patients who have undergone physical injuries and surgical procedures with therapeutic purposes, since this technique is known to control inflammation and hemorrhage due to vasoconstriction mediated by local cooling.[9] [10] [11] [12]

In the literature, we can find some studies that deal with the efficiency of cryotherapy in the control of inflammatory reactions after third molar removal surgeries.[4] [9] [13] [14] [15] [16] Based on the results of van der Westhuijzen et al,[17] the use of ice for 24 hours after third molar surgery was not effective in reducing pain and edema in an observational study with 60 patients. However, according to Laureano Filho et al,[16] and other authors,[4] [9] [13] [14] [15] [18] ice compression effectively helps reduce pain and edema after third molar extraction. Thus, the information on the use of cryotherapy after third molar removal is still limited and controversial.[13]

The aim of this study was to compare, through a scientifically based approach, whether cryotherapy (cold therapy) interferes with clinical outcomes such as pain, edema, and trismus in the postoperative period of third molar surgeries.

Review of the Literature

This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and the Cochrane Handbook (Higgins & Green 2011).[19]

The question to be answered was created using the PICO process (that is, P = patient, problem, or population, I = intervention, C = comparison, and O = outcomes), as follows: the population included patients undergoing surgical removal of mandibular third molars; the intervention was the use of cryotherapy; the comparison was the non-use of cryotherapy; the outcome was reduced inflammatory parameters after a surgical removal of mandibular third molars. Therefore, the study aims to answer the following question: is there significant effect of using cryotherapy on the inflammatory parameters after a surgical removal of mandibular third molars?

Eligibility

The inclusion criteria for this systematic review were: clinical trials, randomized or not, analyzing the use of cryotherapy, or cold therapy, to determine the incidence of clinical parameters following surgical removal of mandibular third molars. The papers must have to evaluate at least one of the variables to be included: pain, swelling, and trismus.

The reviewer's examination of full texts led to the exclusion of articles that were case reports, technical notes, event summaries, animal studies, in vitro studies, literature reviews, and studies that did not evaluate the efficacy of cold therapy on the effects of postoperative inflammation after mandibular third molars extraction operations.

Search Strategy

The electronic search was conducted without language restriction in the OVID, PubMed, Virtual Health Library (VHL), Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, and included publications through March, 2018. Combinations of medical subject heading (MeSH) terms were used to find the maximum number of possible studies available in the literature. The following terms were used in the databases: “third molar AND surgery AND ice” and “third molar AND surgery AND cryotherapy.” Furthermore, a manual search for relevant studies was performed in the thesis bank and in references of included articles.

After the search was concluded, two reviewers (I. A. F. and A. C. V. A.) independently first examined paper titles and abstracts, after removing all duplicates, selecting papers for full-text screening that could potentially meet the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. After independent reading, the reviewers compared their results, disagreements between them were resolved by discussion and a third reviewer (S. G. M. F.) was consulted in case of persistent disagreements for a final decision of the studies that would pass to the full text assessment. At this point, the reviewer's examination of full texts led to the predetermined criteria. Papers fulfilling all selection criteria were processed for data extraction.

The quality of included papers was assessed by the reviewers (I. A. F. and A. C. V. A.) using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 5.0.1 (Higgins & Green 2011). The classification of the potential risk of bias for each study was based on the following criteria: randomized sequence generation; allocation sequence concealment; blinding of participants, personnel, and outcome assessors; incomplete outcome data; selective outcome reporting; and certainty of the application of the cryotherapy at the adequate moments. Each study was submitted to analysis, and the criteria were rated as exhibiting low, high, or unclear (no information or uncertain) risk of bias. The disagreements between reviewers were resolved by consensus for the final classification.

The data were collected from eligible articles and the studies characteristics are expressed in [Table 1]. Mean values and standard deviations were extracted, when it was available. The results were checked among reviewers after data collection to ensure accuracy.

Table 1 Data extracted from the articles included in the review

Author/year	Country	Age mean	N (M/F)	Follow-up	Moment of cryotherapy	Type of cryotherapy	Application of cryotherapy
Bastian et al., 1998	Denmark	Group 1: 33 Group 2: 35	Group 1: 82 (36/46) Group 2: 25 (10/15)	7 days (on 8th day)	Trans-surgical	Kryotec apparatus (probe)	At the moment of surgery
Courage & Huebsch, 1971	United States	14–36 years (range)	47	24 and 48 hours	Postsurgery	Coldpack (Icypack, Pascal Co., Seattle)	Immediately and for 24 hours after
Forouzanfar et al., 2008	Netherlands	Group A: 27.2 ± 11.8 Group B: 24.8 ± 5.1 Group C: 27.7 ± 10.5	Group A: 34 Group B: 31 Group C: 30	7 days (everyday)	Postsurgery	3M Nexcare ColdHot mini pack	For 45 minutes immediately after surgery
Forsgren et al., 1985	Sweden	16- 38 years (range)	45 (26/19)	7 days	Postsurgery	ColdHot Pack 3M	For 2 hours immediately after surgery
Gelesko et al., 2011	USA	Group 1: 21 Group 2: 20	Group 1 (cryo): 51 (27/24) Group 2 (control): 92 (36/56)	14 days	Postsurgery	Thermal Wrap (Cool Jae, Patient's PAL)	At least 24 hours postsurgery
Ibikunle et al., 2016	Nigeria	Group A: 28.8 ± 8 Group B: 28.7 ± 7.8	128 (44/84)	7 days	Postsurgery	Ice pack	Immediately and for 24 hours after
Laureano Filho et al., 2005	Brazil	24	14 (3/11)	7 days	Postsurgery	Ice pack	Immediately and for 24 hours after
Patnaik et al., 2015	India	25	20 (14/6) + 5 (control group added)	7 days	Postsurgery	Ice pack	Immediately and 24 hours later
Rana et al., 2011 (hilotherapy)	Germany	Hilotherapy: 23.5 ± 4.7 Convencional: 24.7 ± 5.5	Hilotherapy: 17 (12/5) Convencional: 15 (8/7)	28 days	Postsurgery	Hilotherapy and Cool compresses	Immediately and for 45 minutes after only
van der Westhuijzen et al., 2005	South Africa	Icepack: 21.5 ± 3.6; Control: 21.4 ± 3.5	Icepack: 30 (8/22); Control: 30 (13/17)	24 hours	Postsurgery	Bilateral Facial Ice pack Technol	Immediately for 15 minutes and for 24 hours continuously
Zandi et al., 2015	Iran	23.2 ± 2.1	30 (7/23)	7 days	Postsurgery	Ice pack	Immediately and for 24 hours (20 minute “in”; 20 minute “out”)

Statistical Analysis

The meta-analysis was performed using the software “R, version 3.3.1” (R Foundation for Statistical Computing). The meta and metafor packages were used to conduct the statistical calculation and the forest plots. The heterogeneity between the results of the studies was assessed using the I² statistical test. This test expresses the percentage of the variation across studies. Values above 25 and 50% were considered an indicative of moderate and high heterogeneity, respectively. As heterogeneity was present (I² > 0) in all tests, the random effect model was used to perform the meta-analysis.[20]

Results of Systematic Search

The electronic literature search resulted in the identification of 1,080 studies (Cochrane 15 articles, OVID 249 articles, PubMed 29 articles, Science Direct 752 articles, VHL 23 articles, and Web of Science 16 articles). The search in the reference lists of selected papers and hand search revealed one additional relevant paper.[21] From the total, 175 duplicates were removed, resulting in 906 articles for analysis. After 2 independent authors screened titles and abstracts, 887 studies were excluded for not fulfilling the inclusion criteria. At this stage, the reviewers retrieved 19 studies for full-text assessment. Eight articles were excluded after full-text reading. A total of 11 studies[4] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] were included in the qualitative synthesis, and, from these, 4 studies[4] [16] [21] [24] were included in the meta-analysis. The flowchart of papers selection and the reasons for exclusion are summarized in [Fig. 1].

Fig. 1 Flow diagram showing the article selection process.

Description of the Studies

The relevant characteristics of the included papers are presented in [Table 1]. Follow-up periods ranged from 1 to 28 days. Among the 11 studies included in the qualitative synthesis, just 1[22] used a probe (Kryotec) to apply cryotherapy method in the trans-surgical moment, the others used types of icepacks in the postsurgery period, highlighting 1 study,[14] which compared hilotherapy and cool compressions. In relation to the design of the study, six studies[13] [14] [15] [17] [21] [25] did the procedures without using the split mouth method; they extracted just one third molar or extracted all of them at the same moment. The variable pain was assessed in all studies, but the following ones could also be found: swelling, discomfort sensation, duration of the surgery, infection, trismus, body temperature, wound healing, and quality of life.

The highest average age was 35 years,[22] while the lowest average age was 20 years.[25] The publication year of the studies ranged from 1971[23] to 2016.[15]

Investigators, in some studies, have found that cryotherapy can reduce pain,[25] edema,[21] and has a low frequency of complications for the patients after wisdom tooth removal.[16] [22] Courage et al[23] concluded that cryotherapy deserves to be an approach for the oral surgeon, since it can reduce facial swelling and alleviate pain. One study compared cold compressions with compression alone and found that the effect in both treatment modalities is equal in reducing pain after oral surgery.[13] Some studies[4] [17] [24] showed that postoperative external application of cold dressings does not diminish swelling, trismus or pain after removal of impacted wisdom tooth. One study[15] suggested that the quality of life of subjects undergoing third molar surgery was much better in those who had cryotherapy compared with those who did not have it. Another included study[14] concluded that hilotherapy is more effective in managing swelling and pain than cryotherapy after wisdom tooth removal.

Quality Assessment

The results of the quality assessment of the included studies are presented in [Fig. 2]. Risk of bias was high in most of the criteria categories in many studies. The perspective of the certainty of the application of cryotherapy at the adequate moments was assessed, once we considered this aspect an important parameter to verify the real efficiency of the cryotherapy in the relief of inflammatory responses after surgical removal of mandibular third molars.

Fig. 2 Quality assessment of the articles included in the review.

Meta-analysis

Meta-analysis comparing the effect of cryotherapy versus control group in swelling and trismus could be performed; the other clinical parameters could not be included in the quantitative synthesis due to the absence of standardized methodology.

The forest plot for the effect of the intervention in the postoperative edema is shown in [Fig. 3]. The meta-analysis for edema included a total of 85 participants (50 in the experimental group and 35 in the control group). After data extraction, we used two of the selected studies for meta-analysis. The results showed that on the 2^nd day of follow-up, participants receiving cryotherapy had less swelling than did participants in the control group (mean difference [MD]: -0.94; 95%CI [-1.49; -0.39]). However, on the 7^th day of follow-up (MD: -0.35; 95%CI [-1.34; 0.64]) and when evaluating the overall results of efficiency of cryotherapy (MD: -0.53; 95%CI [-1.23; 0.17]), there was no statistically significant difference between the control and the experimental groups.

Fig. 3 Forest plot for the effect of the cryotherapy in the postoperative edema. Abbreviations: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; MD, Mean Difference; SD, standard deviation; W, Weight.

The forest plot for the effect of the cryotherapy in the postoperative trismus is shown in [Fig. 4]. The meta-analysis for trismus included a total of 203 participants (109 in the experimental group and 94 in the control group). Four of the 11 selected studies were used for this meta-analysis after data extraction. The results showed that on the 1^st (MD: 0.55; 95%CI [-2.14; 3.24]), 2^nd (MD: 2.37; 95%CI [-0.50; 5.24]), and 7^th (MD: 0.76; 95%CI [-3.10; 4.63]) days of follow-up, there was no statistically significant difference between control group and experimental group. The overall result (MD: 0.43; 95%CI [-0.34; 1.20]) just confirmed the insignificant efficacy of cryotherapy in reducing trismus after third molar removal.

Fig. 4 Forest plot for the effect of the cryotherapy in the postoperative trismus. Abbreviations: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; MD, Mean Difference; SD, standard deviation; W, Weight.

Discussion

The relief of postoperative discomfort due to the inflammatory process after extraction of mandibular third molars is a concern that most affects the patients and the surgeons. Cold therapy is constantly used as a primary care after facial injuries. Although it is widespread, the available scientific data are still limited to support the real efficacy of this therapy. This procedure was originally applied due to the belief that the hot hyperemic area caused by the local inflammation was harmful, and that area must be cooled[26] to diminish the possible sequelae and discomfort. There are controversies regarding the therapeutic use of cold, even though it is one of the oldest practices after soft-tissue surgeries, first documented by Hippocrates (460–377 BC),[27] and that is why it is an important topic to discuss.

In a recent literature review undertaken in 2011,[28] it was observed that although ice therapy is a cheap, simple, and safe approach after oral surgeries, this practice is contraindicated in cold hypersensitive and intolerant patients, or in areas with circulatory, vascular, and regenerating nerves problems.[29] Besides that, it was shown that no single modality of postoperative approach is effective in preventing complications without side effects. However, this previous review did not make a systematic search of relevant studies in the literature. The present systematic review aimed to provide updated scientific evidences and give a quantitative analysis of the effect of cryotherapy in clinical parameters after third molar surgeries.

As the results of the studies found in the literature show, it is still hard to allege the real effectiveness of cryotherapy. Some authors[4] [17] [24] have found an insignificant association between better results on pain, edema, and trismus and the application of cold after third molar removal. The present meta-analysis confirms this fact in part, since it was not possible to perform quantitative analysis on pain parameters. It probably happened because of a non-standardized evaluation method for pain or just because the mean and standard deviation values were not available. However, it is known that when the local temperature falls below 14°C, the transmission of nerve impulses along sensory and autonomic nerves is blocked, what is called “cold-induced neuropraxia”,[30] which causes local vasodilatation and paresthesia, resulting in reduced painful symptomatology. This fact can confirm the positive association between cryotherapy and relief of pain reported as results in some studies[15] [16] [22] [23] [25] of the present review.

Based on the meta-analysis for edema and trismus, it was possible to realize some important points in the physiology of cold application. On the 2^nd day of follow-up, the swelling was significantly reduced in the cryotherapy group than in the control group, and on the posterior follow-up periods this significance was not encountered. This could be explained by the fact that cooling causes an autonomic-mediated vasoconstrictive effect that reduces the edema formation.[31] [32] The lower the temperature, the slower will be the activity of neutrophils that mediate proinflammatory inducers and cytokines, which determines the early local fluid accumulation, and consequent swelling. It can confirm the results found in Bastian et al, Laureano Filho et al, Courage et al, and Patnaik et al, that show a significant efficacy of cryotherapy on postoperative swelling in third molar surgeries.

The trismus, evaluated in most of the included studies,[4] [14] [15] [16] [17] [21] [24] did not present any significant different resolution over the studies when the patients treated with cryotherapy were compared with those in the control group. This must be a considerable result, since all included studies that evaluated trismus used the same reference to measure this parameter: the patient's maximum mouth opening from the maxillary incisive edge to the mandibular incisive edge.

Regarding the methodology for cold application, there was a variation among the studies. One author[22] used a probe to apply cold in the surgical area and showed positive results in pain and edema. Another author[25] used a thermal wrap, which had a positive influence in the highest pain levels experienced by patients undergone third molar surgeries. The other authors[4] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [21] [23] [24] used icepacks, or cold packs, to apply cryotherapy. The results among these studies that used cold packs were varied; some had significant results for cryotherapy and others did not. Thus, it could justify that the method for cryotherapy application may not influences the results. Even so, the variety of types of cryotherapy may be a limitation of this review, which suggests that a standardized method used in a large sample of patients in future studies could help investigators to verify the real efficacy of treatments.

More important than the type of cryotherapy used, the certainty of applying cryotherapy is crucial to proving effectiveness. From the 11 included studies, just 5[13] [14] [17] [22] [24] reported that the researchers were concerned with verifying the correct and regular use of cold application by the patients according to the predefined methodology. It is another limitation of the present review, since the confirmation of the real effectiveness of cryotherapy could be changed if all studies wanted to be certain of the cold application, whether through a diary filled by the patients or through monitored application at the dental clinic.

It is interesting to note the comparison made by one study. Rana et al concluded in their study that hilotherapy is more effective than the simple application of cold therapy in managing edema and pain after third molar removal. It is explained by the differences in surface contact, with the hilotherapy covering a wider area when applied on the face. Other reasons are the variable temperature of the standard cryotherapy, which can become warmer over the time, and the influence of some materials used to wrap ice, such as gauze, which can influence on the thermal conduction.[30] [33] However, the hilotherapy is more expensive, in terms of equipment and handling, and that characterizes a disadvantage over the standard cryotherapy.

This systematic review dealt with some limitations. First, there was a lack of high-quality randomized clinical trials that tested the effectiveness of the cryotherapy after surgeries of mandibular third molar. Those included in the present review had some problems, for example random generation, standardized methods for parameters measurements, and the availability of mean and standard deviation of pain, swelling, and trismus values, which support the need for more structured studies in this field. The moment of the cold application was basically the same among the included studies, but one[22] applied it during the surgery, which disables the chance of a comparison with the others. Further researches on the therapeutic use of cold would be improved if standard methods were used to apply the therapy and to obtain the data, such as the visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain and three-dimensional evaluation for swelling. The variation of times of follow-up was prejudicial to complete the meta-analysis, which suggests it should also be standardized or better stated.

Final Comments

In conclusion, the cryotherapy, when applied in the early postoperative period, can manage the edema in the first days after mandibular third molar removal. Regarding trismus, the therapeutic use of cold did not present any efficacy. There are insufficient available data to support the effectiveness of this therapy in reducing postoperative pain. Well-designed randomized clinical trials testing the use of cryotherapy after third molar surgeries are needed.

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