Keywords
anesthesia - Gilbert's syndrome - hyperbilirubinemia - spine surgery
Introduction
Gilbert's syndrome (GS) is an inherited disorder of hepatic bilirubin metabolism characterized
by mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in the absence of hemolysis or underlying
liver disease.[1]
[2] It is transmitted as an autosomal dominant hereditary disorder with an incidence
of 3 to 10%. In India, the incidence of GS is as high as 20%.[2]
[3] The underlying pathophysiology is due to the deficiency of enzyme bilirubin– uridine
diphosphate glucuronyl transferase.[1]
[2]
[3] Majority of GS patients present with mild jaundice (serum bilirubin < 6 mg/dL),
but exposure to triggering factors, such as stress, infection, prolonged fasting,
alcohol use, malnutrition, exercise, and menstruation, can exacerbate the disease
process.[4] Surgery and anesthesia are stressful events, which can cause postoperative serum
bilirubin surge. We report the successful anesthetic management of a case of GS for
lumbar spine surgery and reviewed the available literature.
Case Report
A 23-year-old male patient (90 kg/180 cm) with a past history of GS was posted for
surgery of L3–L4 and L4–L5 prolapsed intervertebral disc. Preoperatively, the patient
had mild icterus and a serum bilirubin (total) of 2.6 mg/dL, unconjugated bilirubin
2 mg/dL, and conjugated bilirubin 0.6 mg/dL. Other blood investigations including
chest X-ray and electrocardiography were unremarkable. Routine urine examination did
not show presence of urobilinogen, bile pigments, or bile salts. Peripheral blood
smear showed predominantly normochromic red blood cells with moderate anisocytosis,
spherocytosis, and macrocytosis. Ultrasonography abdomen showed grade 1 fatty liver
disease. The case was scheduled as the first case on the day of surgery. Preoperatively,
the patient received ranitidine 150 mg, the night before surgery and again on the
morning of surgery. The patient was allowed to have clear fluids till 2 hours before
surgery. Intravenous (IV) 5% dextrose was commenced on the morning of surgery (100
mL/hour). Intramuscular glycopyrrolate (0.2 mg) was administered 30 minutes prior
to shifting the patient to operating room (OR). In the OR, standard baseline vitals
were recorded (heart rate: 83 beats/minute [bpm], noninvasive blood pressure 129/77
[94] mm Hg, blood oxygen saturation 99% on room air, temperature 36.1°C). General
anesthesia was induced with IV fentanyl 150 μg and propofol 140 mg, and cisatracurium
10 mg IV was used to facilitate tracheal intubation. Anesthesia was maintained with
O2:N2O (2:3), isoflurane (0.8–1.0 MAC), and intermittent doses of fentanyl (50 μg every
hourly) and cisatracurium (2 mg every 30 minutes). Intraoperatively, mean arterial
pressure (MAP) was maintained within 10% of baseline along with strict normothermia
and normocapnia. L4 laminectomy and bilateral L3–L4 and L4–L5 foraminotomy was performed.
Intravenous ondansetron 8 mg was administered 30 minutes before the completion of
surgery. The surgical site was also infiltrated with 15 mL of 0.25% ropivacaine. At
the end of surgery, neuromuscular blockade was reversed with IV neostigmine (4 mg)
and glycopyrrolate (0.8 mg). Trachea was extubated after the patient was awake and
following verbal commands. No blood or blood products were transfused. In the postoperative
period, analgesia was maintained with intramuscular ketorolac 30 mg twice daily and
IV fentanyl 25 μg as and when required. Maintenance fluid (5% dextrose and normal
saline) was administered at 75 mL/hour. Few sips of water were allowed orally after
4 hours. Enteral feed was started next day. On the first postoperative day, serum
bilirubin (total) was 2.7 mg/dL, unconjugated bilirubin 2 mg/dL, and conjugated bilirubin
0.7 mg/dL. Clinically, the patient did not show any flare-up of jaundice. The patient
was discharged home on the fourth postoperative day. Follow-up after 1 month showed
serum bilirubin (total) 2.4 mg/dL, unconjugated bilirubin 1.9 mg/dL, and conjugated
bilirubin 0.5 mg/dL.
Discussion
Gilbert's syndrome the most common inherited cause of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
was first described by Gilbert and Pierre.[5] Clinical presentation is usually benign and includes mild jaundice and nonspecific
symptoms, such as abdominal cramps, fatigue, and malaise. Despite an indolent course,
the disease can aggravate under the influence of various stressors. Surgery and anesthesia
are one such stressor. Regional anesthesia appropriately blunts neuroendocrine response
and should be ideally practiced in patients with GS; however, the size and site of
the pathology, the position of the patient, and duration of surgery preclude its universal
use. To our knowledge, anesthetic management of GS during spine surgery has not been
described before.
Various preoperative factors affect postoperative outcome in GS. Thorough preoperative
assessment is the most important component of treatment of patients with GS. To minimize
the duration of fasting, surgery should be scheduled as the first case in the morning.
Hyperbilirubinemia following caloric restriction is attributed to either increased
bilirubin production secondary to enhanced microsomal heme-oxygenase activity[6] or decrease in bilirubin clearance.[7] Postoperative jaundice due to the stress of reduced caloric intake has been previously
reported.[8] Glucose infusion should be started before surgery so as to avoid hypoglycemia and
caloric deficiency.
In the intraoperative period, various anesthetic considerations include maintenance
of MAP within 10% of baseline or at least MAP > 65 mm Hg to ensure optimal hepatic
perfusion, avoiding hepatotoxic drugs and hypoglycemia, ensuring adequate analgesia
to blunt neuroendocrine response, target-controlled administration of drugs to avoid
overdosing and prevention of hypothermia. Various surgical factors, such as reducing
the duration of surgery, blood loss, tissue retraction, and excellent hemostasis,
should also be taken into consideration. Reabsorption of big hematoma and blood transfusion
are the other factors that can precipitate postoperative jaundice.[9] Various anesthetic and surgical factors affecting outcome have been summarized in
[Table 1].
Table 1
Perioperative targets in Gilbert's syndrome
|
Anesthetic factors
|
Surgical factors
|
-
Minimize the preoperative fasting period so as to avoid hypoglycemia
-
Maintain mean arterial pressure within 10% of baseline
-
Avoid hepatotoxic drugs
-
Prevent hypothermia
-
Adequate analgesia
|
-
Minimize the duration of surgery
-
Minimize blood loss
-
Less tissue retraction
-
Excellent hemostasis
|
In the OR, anesthetic drugs that are metabolized or biotransformed by glucuronyl transferase
in the liver should ideally be avoided to prevent worsening of symptoms. Propofol
is the preferred induction agent as it increases total hepatic blood flow (HBF) in
both hepatic arterial and portal venous circulation, suggesting a significant vasodilator
effect.[10] On the other hand, thiopental may decrease HBF due to increased hepatic arterial
vascular resistance.[11] Moreover, thiopentone and ketamine affect hepatic functions in a dose-dependent
fashion. Like atracurium, cisatracurium is metabolized by Hofmann elimination and
is the preferred neuromuscular blocking agent. It is approximately four times as potent
as atracurium and produces five times less laudanosine in contrast to atracurium.
Moreover, it does not cause histamine release. Among newer inhalational agents, isoflurane
has been the most commonly used volatile anesthetic agent in GS due to minimal interference
with HBF. Despite minimal liver metabolism (0.02%) and low solubility, desflurane
has been shown to decrease HBF in a dose-dependent fashion. Among opioids, remifentanil
has no or minimal effect on liver functions as it is an ester degraded by plasma and
tissue esterases, thus making it an ideal agent for patients with GS. However, in
its nonavailability, fentanyl can be used as its metabolism is not significantly altered
in patients with liver disease. Among the nonopioid analgesics, paracetamol is avoided
as it is metabolized by enzyme also deficient in some cases of GS.[12] Thus, risks of worsening of liver functions exist with the use of paracetamol in
GS. Dexmedetomidine, an α2 receptor agonist, has been shown to reduce reperfusion
injury during liver transplantation in addition to reduction in anesthetic requirements.[13]
[14] Animal studies have also shown that dexmedetomidine protects lung alveolar epithelial
cell from bilirubin-induced injury.[15] However, its effect on HBF is yet to be thoroughly studied. Nevertheless, the sympatholytic
property of dexmedetomidine and consequent hypotension should be kept in mind.
The intraoperative monitoring of hepatic perfusion is ideal to guide the effectiveness
of anesthetic goals. There are various techniques to monitor HBF intraoperatively,
which are invasive and not feasible.[16] HBF using transesophageal echocardiography has been estimated successfully both
in cardiac and noncardiac surgeries.[16]
[17] However, lack of availability in all centers, high-cost, semi-invasiveness, and
requirement of expert hands still make it an unpopular technique to estimate HBF.
Measurement of the liver tissue oxygenation noninvasively using near-infrared spectroscopy
(NIRS) is possible by applying NIRS probe transcutaneously over the palpable liver
and directly below the right costal arch.[18] However, the technique has not been studied on a large scale.
Conclusion
Gilbert's syndrome is not a rare condition and thus understanding the pathophysiology
of this disease is of utmost importance for anesthesiologists. Despite a benign course,
it can manifest with severe jaundice in the postoperative period. Wherever applicable,
regional anesthesia should be the preferred technique. However, with the advent of
new drugs, margin of safety with general anesthetics has increased tremendously. Anesthetic
strategies should be based on thorough preoperative planning, minimizing fasting period,
maintaining HBF, avoiding hepatotoxic drugs, and reducing surgical duration, blood
loss, and blood transfusion.
