Oxytocin and Oxytocinase in the Obese and Nonobese Parturients during Induction and Augmentation of Labor

Keywords

obesity - pregnancy - oxytocin - induction of labor - augmentation of labor - oxytocinase

In the United States, more than one-third of pregnant women are obese (prepregnancy body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m²),[1] [2] and have an approximate 35% risk of cesarean delivery (CD) especially during the first stage of labor.[3] [4] [5] Though increased risk for CD in this population is likely multifactorial,[6] [7] labor dystocia appears to play a predominant role. The diagnosis of labor dystocia, however, is predicated on the assumption that labor curves are similar for both groups, and that the pharmacokinetics of oxytocin (OXT) used for labor augmentation is comparable between obese and nonobese parturients. It is now known that labor curves are different in obese and nonobese parturients[8] [9]; however, no study has directly examined differences in pharmacokinetics of OXT between these two groups. Especially, differences in BMI account for one-fifth of variability in OXT requirements during labor.[10] This is a critical knowledge gap considering that there are significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters between obese and nonobese patients in the nonobstetric setting,[11] [12] along with preclinical data suggesting that obesity is associated with lower OXT and higher oxytocinase activity.[13] Therefore, in this preliminary study, we hypothesized that obese women will have lower plasma OXT and a higher plasma oxytocinase level at baseline compared with nonobese women. Furthermore, because of the increased volume of distribution in obesity,[11] we speculated that the magnitude of rise in plasma OXT will be lower in obese compared with nonobese women during labor augmentation with OXT. To investigate this hypothesis, we designed a prospective, observational cohort study to compare the plasma levels of OXT and oxytocinase in obese and nonobese women at both induction and during augmentation of labor.

Methods

This prospective, observational cohort study was conducted after appropriate Institutional Research Board approval (# 2015P002040) at the labor and delivery unit of the Brigham and Women's Hospital, a tertiary-care center with an annual clinical volume of ∼7,000 births. All methods reported here were performed in accordance with institutional guidelines and regulations, and complies with all recommendations suggested by the STROBE statement.[14] Patients at term gestation (≥ 37 weeks) were eligible for enrollment if they were older than the age of 18 years, undergoing induction of labor with OXT, and had a prepregnancy BMI of either ≥ 18 ≤ 24.9 kg/m² (“nonobese”) or ≥ 30 kg/m² (“obese”). Patients were excluded if they presented in labor, were overweight (prepregnancy BMI of 25–29.9 kg/m²), or had a relative contraindication to venipuncture (suspected or known coagulopathy, or hematologic disorder). Patient recruitment occurred between November 2015 and April 2017. Eligible patients were approached by a research investigator at the time of admission to labor and delivery unit and provided with an information sheet that explained the purpose of the study. Patients who expressed interest were recruited after a thorough history and clinical examination and a formal written informed consent. Each enrolled participant was assigned a sequential subject identification number, and all pertinent demographic information were collected.

A baseline basal blood sample (10 mL) was collected from each participant at the time of placement of an intravenous (IV) catheter prior to initiation of OXT infusion (T₀). A second blood sample (10 mL) was collected from the opposite arm when no further increase in OXT was likely (either 3–5 uterine contractions in a 10-minute period or at a maximal OXT augmentation rate of 20 mIU/min) (T₁). This sample was drawn from the arm opposite to the arm with the IV catheter. Blood samples were collected into BD Vacutainer containing 10.8 mg of K₂ EDTA, immediately placed on ice, centrifuged at 1,600 × g for 15 minutes at 4°C, and the resultant plasma stored at −80°C before assays. For the OXT assay, plasma was thawed, C-18 extracted, and assayed in duplicate using a commercially available OXT ELISA kit (EIA kit # EK-051-01, Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.). Oxytocinase was assayed in unextracted plasma using the human LNPEP (leucyl-cystinyl aminopeptidase) sandwich ELISA kit (# LS-F11924, Lifespan Biosciences, Inc.) according to manufacturer's instructions. Data on OXT use, total cumulative OXT dose until T₁, and duration of OXT administration (from T₀ to T₁) were collected. The study was terminated after collection of the T₁ sample.

Statistical Analysis

Our primary outcome was to determine if there was a baseline difference in plasma OXT between the obese and nonobese groups at induction of labor. Our secondary outcomes were differences in oxytocinase levels and the magnitude of change in plasma OXT from T₀ to T₁ in both groups during labor augmentation. Given a mean baseline OXT level of 45 pg/mL and standard deviation of 20 pg/mL in nonobese parturients,[15] we estimated that 19 patients would be required per group to show a 40% decrease in plasma OXT in the obese group for an α of 0.05 and 80% power. Because of the unpredictability of labor and challenges in the expeditious processing of samples after hours, we decided to enroll 25 patients per group to account for the possible attrition. Numeric variables were compared with either independent sample t-tests or Wilcoxon's rank-sum test for data with significant outliers. Categorical variables were compared with Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact tests as appropriate. To test for interaction between BMI category and the magnitude of change from T₀ to T₁, a mixed-model repeated-measures ANOVA was used. If group versus time interaction was not significant, the analysis was re-run without the interaction term. In addition, an analysis of covariance was performed to determine if there was a difference in OXT level at T₁ after adjusting for the difference in oxytocinase level at T₀ and cumulative OXT dose. Correlations between cumulative OXT dose and OXT and oxytocinase were determined using Spearman's correlation. Data are presented either as median (interquartile range), mean ± standard deviation, or % as appropriate. All tests were two tailed and a p-value of < 0.05 was accorded statistical significance. The data analysis for this article was generated using SAS software, version 9.3 of the SAS System for Windows. Copyright 2010 SAS Institute Inc (Cary, NC).

Results

A total of 56 eligible patients were approached for the study. Five declined participation (two nonobese and three obese patients), and one nonobese patient was rescheduled for induction at a later date. Overall, we recruited 25 nonobese and obese subjects each for the study. T₀ samples were obtained in 23/25 patients in both groups. T₁ samples were obtained in 19/25 subjects in the nonobese and 13/25 in the obese groups. Paired samples (both T₀ and T₁ samples from the same patient) were available for 18/25 nonobese and 12/25 obese subjects. All samples were assayed for plasma OXT. Because of inadequate sample volume, oxytocinase assay was not performed in one patient in the nonobese and two patients in the obese groups at T₀, and two patients in the nonobese and one patient in the obese groups at T₁. The flowchart detailing patient recruitment is presented in [Fig. 1].

Fig. 1 A detailed flowchart indicating patient recruitment and sample collection during the course of the study.

Both groups were well matched at baseline except for a higher proportion of cervical ripening in obese (48%) compared with nonobese (8%) patients (p = 0.002, [Table 1]). Details of OXT and oxytocinase levels at T₀ and T₁, total cumulative dose of OXT administered until T₁, and duration of OXT administration are presented in [Table 2]. There were no differences either in the plasma OXT level at T₀ (351 [56, 790] vs. 135 [14, 534] pg/mL; p = 0.39) and T₁ (463 [15, 791] vs. 320 [14, 768] pg/mL; p = 0.95) ([Fig. 2]). However, plasma oxytocinase was significantly lower at T₀ in the obese group (1.41 [0.67, 3.51] vs. 0.40 [0.29, 1.12] ng/mL; p = 0.03) but not at T₁ (1.35 [0.67, 3.53] vs. 0.32 [0.18, 4.03] ng/mL, nonobese versus obese, respectively; p = 0.44) ([Fig. 3]). Similarly, there was no difference in the total cumulative dose of OXT received during the study (3,396 ± 1,602 vs. 3,793 ± 2,819 mIU; p = 0.65) nor was there a difference in the total duration of OXT administration (397 ± 159 vs. 537 ± 629 minutes; p = 0.45) between the nonobese and obese groups.

Fig. 2 Scatter plot of plasma oxytocin level (pg/mL) in nonobese (in circles) and obese parturients (in squares) during labor induction and augmentation at time T₀ (open shapes) and T₁ (closed shapes). There were no significant differences in plasma oxytocin level either at T₀ (p = 0.39) or at T₁ (p = 0.95). Data represented as median and interquartile range.

Table 1 Demographic and labor induction data in nonobese and obese parturients

	Nonobese		Obese		p-Value
	n	Mean ± SD or %	n	Mean ± SD or %
Age (y)	25	31.32 ± 4.47	25	33.04 ± 5.31	0.40
BMI (kg/m2)	25	22.13 ± 1.59	25	35.89 ± 5.09	<0.0001
Gestational age (wk)	25	39.24 ± 1.05	25	39.00 ± 1.26	0.48
Gestational weight gain (kg)	25	15.2 ± 5.5	19	12.8 ± 4.4	0.13
Multiparity	12	48	17	68	0.44
Cervical ripening	2	8	12	48	0.002
Maximal oxytocin augmentation	4	16	7	28	0.50
Artificial rupture of membranes	21	84	20	80	0.71
Vaginal delivery	24	96	21	84	0.35
Cesarean delivery	1	4	4	16

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Oxytocin and oxytocinase data in nonobese and obese parturients

	Nonobese		Obese		p-Value
	n	Median (IQR) or Mean ± SD	n	Median (IQR) or Mean ± SD
Oxytocin T0 (pg/mL)	23	351 (56, 790)	23	135 (14, 534)	0.39
Oxytocin T1 (pg/mL)	19	463 (15, 791)	13	320 (14, 768)	0.95
Oxytocinase T0 (ng/mL)	22	1.41 (0.67, 3.51)	21	0.40 (0.29, 1.12)	0.03
Oxytocinase T1 (ng/mL)	17	1.35 (0.67, 3.53)	12	0.32 (0.18, 4.03)	0.44
Cumulative oxytocin dose (mIU)	19	3,396 ± 1,602	13	3,793 ± 2,820	0.65
Duration of oxytocin administration (min)	19	397.5 ± 159.2	13	537.3 ± 629.3	0.45
T1 − T0 oxytocin (pg/mL)	18	−6.50 (−96.00, 4.00)	12	−1.50 (−41.00, 6.50)	0.70
T1 − T0 oxytocinase (ng/mL)	17	0.19 (0.00, 0.46)	9	0.05 (−0.03, 0.14)	0.22

Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.

In paired samples from 12/18 (67%) in the nonobese group and 7/12 (58%) in the obese group, plasma OXT level decreased from baseline after OXT augmentation ([Fig. 4]). Neither the T₁ − T₀ difference for OXT (−6.50 [−96.00, 4.00] vs. −1.50 [−41.00, 6.50] pg/mL; p = 0.70) nor oxytocinase (0.19 [0.00, 0.46] vs. 0.05 [−0.03, 0.14] ng/mL; p = 0.22) were statistically significant between the nonobese and obese groups, respectively ([Table 2]). There was no significant group versus time interaction in change from T₀ to T₁ for both OXT (p = 0.51) and oxytocinase (p = 0.09); therefore, the analysis was re-run without the interaction term. There was neither a significant group (p = 0.91 and 0.76) nor a time effect (p = 0.56 and 0.22) for either OXT or oxytocinase, respectively ([Table 3]). As cumulative OXT had significant correlations with oxytocinase both at T₀ and T₁, we analyzed only patients with cumulative OXT data with ([Table 4]) and without ([Table 5]) cumulative OXT dose as a covariate, but it did not change the overall conclusions. Finally, there was no significant difference in the OXT level at T₁ between the two groups even after adjusting for the difference in oxytocinase at baseline (T₀) (p = 0.34) ([Table 6]).

Table 3 Mixed-model repeated-measures ANOVA with and without group versus time interaction for oxytocin and oxytocinase

Analysis	Outcome	p-Value for group effect	p-Value for time effect	p-Value for group vs. time interaction
Repeated measures with interaction term	Oxytocin	0.88	0.49	0.51
Repeated measures	Oxytocin	0.92	0.56	–
Repeated measures with interaction term	Oxytocinase	0.55	0.11	0.09
Repeated measures	Oxytocinase	0.76	0.22	–

Abbreviation: ANOVA, analysis of variance.

Table 4 Mixed-model repeated-measures ANOVA with and without group versus time interaction for oxytocin and oxytocinase restricted to samples with cumulative oxytocin data as a significant covariate

Analysis	Observations (N)	Outcome	p-Value for group effect	p-Value for time effect	p-Value for group vs. time interaction	p-Value for covariate
Repeated measures with interaction term	62	Oxytocin	0.74	0.43	0.46	0.65
Repeated measures	62	Oxytocin	0.74	0.51	–	0.64
Repeated measures with interaction term	56	Oxytocinase	0.47	0.27	0.22	<0.0001
Repeated measures	56	Oxytocinase	0.44	0.42	–	<0.0001

Abbreviation: ANOVA, analysis of variance.

Table 5 Mixed-model repeated-measures ANOVA with and without group versus time interaction for oxytocin and oxytocinase restricted to samples with cumulative oxytocin data but not included as a covariate

Analysis	Observations (N)	Outcome	p-Value for group effect	p-Value for time effect	p-Value for group vs. time interaction
Repeated measures with interaction term	62	Oxytocin	0.76	0.43	0.45
Repeated measures	62	Oxytocin	0.77	0.51	–
Repeated measures with interaction term	56	Oxytocinase	0.47	0.25	0.20
Repeated measures	56	Oxytocinase	0.44	0.42	–

Abbreviation: ANOVA, analysis of variance.

Table 6 ANCOVA to adjust for baseline differences in oxytocin and oxytocinase

Analysis	Outcome	p-Value for group effect	p-Value for group effect based on ranks
ANCOVA	Oxytocin	0.45	0.34
ANCOVA	Oxytocinase	0.23	0.72

Abbreviation: ANCOVA, analysis of covariance.

Fig. 3 Scatter plot of plasma oxytocinase level (ng/mL) in nonobese (in circles) and obese parturients (in squares) during labor induction and augmentation at time T₀ (open shapes) and T₁ (closed shapes). Oxytocinase level was significantly lower at T₀ (*p = 0.03) but not at T₁ (p = 0.44). Data represented as median and interquartile range.

Fig. 4 Before–after plots showing the direction and magnitude of change in plasma oxytocin in nonobese (open to closed circles) and obese (open to closed squares) parturients. In more than 60% of patients, there was a decrease in plasma oxytocin level after oxytocin augmentation suggesting that oxytocin behaves more like a hormone and less like a pharmaceutical agent in this setting.

Discussion

In this preliminary study, we show that plasma OXT levels were comparable between nonobese and obese women undergoing induction of labor at term gestation, either at baseline or after OXT augmentation. Furthermore, the magnitude of change in plasma OXT level from baseline was no different in either the nonobese or obese women. Interestingly, and contrary to prevailing notion, plasma OXT was lower after OXT augmentation compared with baseline values in a majority of patients with paired samples. Collectively, our data suggest that differences in labor outcomes between obese and nonobese parturients are unlikely due to differences in OXT disposition and lay the foundation for a comprehensive pharmacokinetic study.

A prominent feature of our results was the high interindividual variability of plasma OXT in parturients even at baseline. This variability is consistent with a recent study showing a wide range of plasma OXT in pregnant subjects,[16] though at odds with some studies where the plasma OXT did not vary significantly among parturients during different phases of labor.[15] [17] [18] These contradictory observations may partly be accounted for by differences in methodology and sensitivity of reagents in detecting OXT. For example, the choice of assay (radioimmunoassay vs. enzyme immunoassay) and the presence or absence of sample extraction to minimize matrix interference could partly explain these differences.[19] Nevertheless, our data suggest that this significant interindividual variability should be considered when planning future studies. Another intriguing finding was that plasma OXT decreased after OXT augmentation in ∼60% of parturients. These results defy principles of pharmacotherapy where plasma levels are expected to rise after IV administration. OXT, therefore, presumably behaves more like a hormone in this setting and possibly exerts feedback inhibition to suppress endogenous OXT release. However, currently available ELISA kits are unable to differentiate between endogenous and exogenously administered OXT. An important caveat in our study is the higher proportion of cervical ripening in the obese group. This could have changed OXT requirements during induction and augmentation. Conversely, cervical ripening could have affected our primary outcome by elevating baseline OXT in obese subjects either because of physical manipulation of the cervix or by inducing mild uterine contractions. This, along with the small number of paired samples, could possibly explain the significant variability in plasma OXT in the obese group despite similar duration of OXT administration. Our study, therefore, encourages a nuanced understanding of the role of OXT in labor management especially considering that it plays a vital role in areas unrelated to labor such as sexual function, learning, and memory.[20] [21]

Despite the extensive and ubiquitous use of OXT for management of labor and delivery, not much is known of its metabolism. Numerous studies have attempted to answer this question by measuring the “activity” of oxytocinase (LNPEP), an enzyme secreted by the placenta that degrades circulating OXT.[22] [23] [24] [25] [26] Quantitation of oxytocinase “activity” is done fluorometrically by measuring the amount of β-naphthylamine released from an arylamide substrate after incubation with plasma.[27] Here, we quantified for the first time, plasma oxytocinase level, rather than activity, and report that it is lower in obese women at baseline compared with nonobese women. As oxytocinase is secreted primarily by syncytiotrophoblasts,[24] we speculate that this decrease is likely related to placental dysfunction observed in obesity.[28] Another interesting finding was that the cumulative OXT dose significantly influenced the oxytocinase level at T1. Though the biological significance of these findings is unclear, we hope that our data will encourage future research in this field.

Our study is limited in some ways. First, the lack of serial plasma OXT data to thoroughly characterize its pharmacokinetics. This was ethically challenging given the need for multiple blood draws during what was already a stressful period for an expectant mother. Despite our decision to collect samples at only two time points, T₀ and T₁, we were still unable to collect the T₁ sample in one-third (36%) of the enrolled subjects (patient refusal in advanced labor, after hours sample collection, etc.). Furthermore, given the need for immediate sample processing on ice to minimize OXT degradation, it would have been impossible to process multiple samples sequentially on a busy labor and delivery floor. These practical and logistic challenges will serve to inform patient recruitment for future studies. Our study, therefore, can be considered as a preliminary exploration of OXT disposition in normal weight and obese parturients. Second, the possibility that OXT is metabolized by pathways other than LNPEP (“oxytocinase”). Nevertheless, we targeted LNPEP as it appears to be the predominant mechanism for OXT degradation in pregnant plasma.[29] [30] Third, because of the limited number of paired samples, we were underpowered to investigate the magnitude of change in plasma OXT and oxytocinase both in nonobese and obese subjects. Fourth, we chose prepregnancy BMI for patient recruitment as this was more reliably documented than the BMI on admission. It is reassuring though, that the average gestational weight gain was comparable between the two groups. Finally, because of our interest in quantifying both OXT and oxytocinase from the same sample, we did not use aprotinin, an agent administered to inhibit oxytocinase and prevent OXT degradation. Though this may have introduced some variability, we expect this to be consistent across both groups.

In conclusion, our preliminary study shows that plasma OXT is no different in nonobese and obese parturients, and that OXT augmentation is not accompanied by an increase in plasma OXT in a majority of patients regardless of BMI. Plasma oxytocinase was lower in obese parturients at induction, but it did not seem to influence plasma OXT during augmentation of labor. Therefore, our results lend support to the notion that differences in labor outcomes between nonobese and obese women are probably driven by mechanisms other than simple differences in OXT disposition. However, given the potential clinical implications, we encourage a sample-intensive study to thoroughly characterize OXT pharmacokinetics in nonobese and obese women.

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