Keywords
Risk Assessment and Prediction Tool - joint replacement - joint arthroplasty
Introduction
Total joint arthroplasties (TJAs) are some of the most commonly performed elective orthopedic procedures for the management of osteoarthritis (OA). In recent years, the demand for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) is growing rapidly.[1] Although these procedures are safe treatments for OA, the costs associated with them are substantial.[2] The socioeconomic burden of care for postoperative rehabilitation of TJA is an emerging widespread issue. The adoption of proper measures is required to correctly allocate resources with respect to the patient needs, avoiding disparities, and containing the costs sustained by the health care system.[3] Regarding this perspective, in the last years, the attention has been focalized on patients' postoperative management, especially on the inpatient length of stay (LOS) after surgery, encouraging early discharge from hospitals and substitution with home-based alternatives whenever appropriate.[4]
[5]
[6] The identification of some preoperative objective criteria that would help clinicians to predict patient outcome and needs before surgery became crucial to allow for a more efficient postoperative care management and represent the first step in developing a clinical prediction tool to identify patients at risk for delayed postoperative recovery.[7] Based on these considerations, in 2003 a method able to identify the risk of needing extended inpatient rehabilitation after arthroplasty was first published.[8] This 6-item tool was named Risk Assessment and Prediction Tool (RAPT) and generates a score from 1 to 12 with a lower score indicative of higher risks for needing inpatient rehabilitation after joint arthroplasty. In particular, patients with scores < 6 and > 9 result in a high and low risk, respectively, whereas patients with scores between 6 and 9 are considered to have an intermediate risk. Initially, the tool contained nine factors. Two of them were excluded since they were not significant: preoperative medical comorbidities and home environment. The factor “patient expectation” was also excluded since it could change according to the patients' education level and it could be modified with preoperative counseling, even though it was by far the most relevant. The final scoring system was composed of the following factors: age, gender, preoperative walking distance, use of gait aids, community support, and presence of a caregiver upon returning home[8] ([Table 1]).
Table 1
The Risk Assessment and Prediction Tool (RAPT)
|
Item
|
Value
|
Score
|
|
1. What is your age group?
|
50–65 years
|
2
|
|
65–75 years
|
1
|
|
> 75 years
|
0
|
|
2. Gender?
|
Male
|
2
|
|
Female
|
1
|
|
3. How far, on average, can you walk? (a block is 200 m)
|
2 blocks or more (±rests)
|
2
|
|
1–2 blocks (the shopping center)
|
1
|
|
Housebound (most of the time)
|
0
|
|
4. Which gait aid do you use? (more often than not)
|
None
|
2
|
|
Single point stick
|
1
|
|
Crutches/frame
|
0
|
|
5. Do you use community supports? (home help, meals-on wheels, district nurse)
|
None or one per week
|
1
|
|
Two or more per week
|
0
|
|
6. Will you live with someone who can care for you after your operation?
|
Yes
|
3
|
|
No
|
0
|
|
Your score
|
…../12
|
The aim of this systematic review was to describe its predictive utility, current utilization, and future prospects of RAPT after TJA through the analysis of current scientific literature.
Materials and Methods
Search Strategy
A computerized search was conducted for English articles published before August 2017. The electronic databases PubMed, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Library, and Pedro were investigated using combination of the following keywords: “RAPT,” “RAPT score,” “risk assessment and prediction tool,” “joint replacement,” “hip replacement,” “knee replacement,” “joint arthroplasty,” “hip arthroplasty,” “knee arthroplasty,” “TJA,” “TKA,” “TKA,” “hip prosthesis,” and “knee prosthesis.” Database searching was supplemented by screening reference lists and citation tracking included in trials to identify additional studies.
Study Selection Criteria
Only studies that analyze specifically the use of RAPT were considered, whereas those concerned with other preoperative prediction tools or those only considering other aspects of recovery after joint replacements were excluded.
Original scientific prospective or retrospective study articles were included. Book chapters, expert opinions, reviews, and abstracts of meetings or scientific conference were excluded.
All studied included in the review necessarily had to report at least a measure evaluating our primary endpoint (RAPT prediction capacity).
Results
Search Strategy Results
The search strategy identified 27 articles, 15 of which were excluded because they were irrelevant and other 4 were excluded because they were not original articles (precisely 2 reviews, 1 letter to the editor, and 1 translation and cultural adaptation study).
Applying these criteria led to the inclusion of a total of 8 papers[2]
[4]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12] ([Fig. 1]).
Fig. 1 Flowchart on the search and selection process.
Summary of Evidence
In 2003, the RAPT was developed and validated on data from an Australian cohort of 650 subjects undergoing hip or knee primary arthroplasty or revision procedure. The cohort was split into two groups; data from the first 520 subjects were used to develop the tool and data from the next 130 subjects were used for validation.[8] Discharge destination was correctly predicted in approximately 75% of cases, in particular, in patients at highest risk for the need of extended rehabilitation, the accuracy is 89%.[8] Between the three classes of risk, the majority of incorrect RAPT predictions occurred within the group scoring 6 to 9 (correct accuracy of 62.3%) that identified patients with a less certain and modifiable outcome. The same authors published another article in 2004 which focused on two cohorts of 50 patients who had total knee replacement (TKR) or total hip replacement (THR) surgery.[6] They investigated whether providing additional postoperative physiotherapy (ranging from 5 to 12 sessions per week) for patients with RAPT scores of 6 to 9 could increase the rate of direct home discharge, thus reducing LOS. The results showed that the percentage of patients directly discharged increased significantly, from 34 to 64% with no increase in hospital readmission rate. A study from 2011 demonstrated that RAPT scores are correlated with the risk of postoperative complications in patients after TKR.[9] Subjects with a RAPT score of more than 9 had a low risk of complications, whereas patients with a RAPT score less than 6 had a high risk, confirming that hospitalization is justified for patients in this category. In 2013, Tan et al used RAPT for predicting the destination discharge for a group of 569 patients undergoing TKR.[10] They found an overall predictive accuracy of 85% and that RAPT items and scores, particularly the presence of a caregiver at home and preferred discharge destination, can significantly predict the actual discharge destination and LOS. These results were also found in a French study on 134 patients after THA,[11] that confirmed the usefulness of RAPT in postoperative orientation and that old age, living alone, and patient's preference were determining factors for discharge management. In a study from 2015, conducted on 3,213 American subjects, RAPT accurately predicted discharge disposition for high- and low-risk subjects.[2] The overall predictive accuracy was 78%, with 80 and 77% for patients undergoing THA and TKA, respectively. RAPT scores < 6 and > 10 predicted discharge to inpatient rehabilitation and home with more than 90% accuracy. Predictive accuracy was lowest for scores between 7 and 10 at 65.2% with almost 50% of patients receiving scores in this range. On the basis of these results, the authors suggested to modify the RAPT risk categories in their population into high risk < 7, intermediate risk 7 to 10, and low risk > 10, as well as to implement targeted interventions to assist discharges for subjects at intermediate risk. To study the relation between RAPT scores and functional discharge criteria, Oosting et al[12] found that two performance-based tests, the Timed Up and Go test (TUG)[13] and 10-m walking test (10MW),[14] in association with a more conventional screening concerning patient's age and comorbidities, could give a significant added value in predicting patient's functional recovery after THR. Recently, the RAPT was applied to 535 American subjects undergoing TJA, confirming its properties.[7] The study was also interesting because, for the first time, RAPT was evaluated in a bundled payment program for TJA, spine fusion, and cardiac valve surgery. At the end of the study, the RAPT has shown the ability to predict discharge disposition for TJR and spine surgery patients, but not cardiac valve surgery patients.
Discussion
The RAPT was created to be a valid instrument for predicting the discharge destination for patients after an elective hip or knee arthroplasty. During its development this tool has shown significant benefits as well as some limitations. The really interesting aspect is represented not only in its capacity to influence LOS of patients but more importantly in its ability to stratify patients' postoperative risks to individualize the appropriate rehabilitation program and setting according to actual patient necessity while reducing health care costs. All analyzed studies demonstrated that RAPT could reduce LOS and accurately predict discharge disposition especially for high- and low-risk patients while some doubts still remains for those in the intermediate risk category as well as for the range that should be used to classify this risk category, 6 to 9 or 7 to 10. To reduce the uncertain outcome associated with increasing home discharged of medium risk patients, a targeted intensive postoperative rehabilitation program has demonstrated good results.[4] Some authors advocate for the use and the identification of other instruments in addition to RAPT for improving predictive accuracy such as some performance-based functional tests like TUG and 10MW or health status scores like the American Society of Anesthesiologists score,[15] the Charnley classification,[16] or the body mass index.[17] However, since one of the best advantages of RAPT is its easy use and linear classification, the introduction of other tools or factors could create many variables resulting in a more complicated instrument that we do not know how to integrate with RAPT. For example, some studies[8]
[11] considering the role of comorbidity in discharge outcome, suggested that patients with medical comorbidities, if acceptable candidates for TJA, do not have an increased need for rehabilitation and that the medical criteria seem to have very little influence on postoperative management. This particular aspect could be justified by the long duration of hospitalization that patients had at the time of these studies and the differences existing between health care systems, but remains an interesting field for researchers. In every study, it emerged that patient's preferred discharge destination had a significant influence on LOS and discharge setting, even Oldmeadow el al found that this variable had the highest weighted impact on outcomes[8] and, to avoid bias, it was taken out of RAPT scoring. But this aspect highlights how patients who might feel confused due to the lack of information on operation and discharge procedures are more afraid to return home and could strongly influence postoperative management.[18] Therefore, counseling and educating patients and their families before surgery is a fundamental action that, in association with the use of RAPT, could increase patients' readiness and self-confidence for discharge as well as rehabilitate psychological aspects.[10] Although the RAPT demonstrates unquestionable advantages and potential, some critical points are still present and represent the future directions of research. The clinical and institutional heterogeneity existing between nations and also between hospitals of the same country makes data difficult to extend to other medical institutions. For example, Dauty et al concluded that it would be relevant to conduct a French prospective multicenter study to test specifically in his country the use of the RAPT to orientate patients before TKR surgery.[9] Hansen et al specified different cutoffs between risk categories, which they speculate may reflect differences between U.S. and Australian patient population and health care systems.[2] The RAPT was also evaluated in a study from Singapore, in which the authors decided to modify questions 3 and 4 of the questionnaire to be more applicable to the local context.[10] These aspects underline the necessity to develop a transcultural model and validation in other countries as Coudeyre et al made in France.[11]
[19] Although contrarily to many of the other scores, the RAPT has been validated in multiple countries and continents with relatively similar results between different institutions[2] however, its validity has yet to be tested in every nation context. For this reason, we are already working on cross-cultural adaptation in Italy and to fully validate the RAPT in subjects after TJA in our country. Other limits of current studies concern the differences in patients discharge criteria conditioning the LOS variability, the role of insurance coverage which depends on the health care system of each country, and the postacute rehabilitation care settings.
Conclusion
The growing demand for TJA and the rising health care costs highlight the need to plan the hospital discharge more efficiently and appropriately. This emphasizes the importance to create specific care pathways based on the preoperative stratification and prediction of patient outcomes and needs to limit the LOS and correctly manage destination discharge. The RAPT has demonstrated good predictive accuracy assisting clinicians with identification of patients for targeted interventions to facilitate home discharge. It is an easy-to-use instrument that has been validated in many countries with relatively similar results. Further studies confirming the predictive accuracy of RAPT at other institutions are needed as well as studies assessing the effect of using RAPT to identify patients for targeted interventions in terms of LOS, discharge disposition, clinical outcomes, and financial impact.
