Keywords
cerebellopontine angle medulloblastoma - extra-axial - differential diagnosis - adult
Introduction
The term medulloblastoma cerebelli was coined in 1925 for poorly differentiated cerebellar
tumors by Bailey and Cushing.[1] It is the most common childhood intracranial tumor, accounting for 25% of all pediatric
intracranial tumors and 33% of all posterior fossa neoplasm in children.[1]
In adults, the tumor is uncommon, accounting for approximately 1% of adult primary
brain tumors and 6% of posterior fossa tumors, 80% of which occur before the end of
the fourth decade.[1]
[2] The incidence of adult Medulloblastoma is approximately 0.5 per million per year
and decreases with increasing age. The published studies on adult medulloblastoma
are usually retrospective, owing to its rarity in adult populations, and are mostly
midline (cerebellar vermis).[1]
[2]
We report an extremely rare occurrence of adult cerebellopontine angle (CPA) medulloblastoma.
This case underlines the existence of the extremely rare intra-axial adult tumor in
this unusual location, mimicking as a purely extra-axial lesion, thereby confounding
its diagnosis. It also demonstrates the difficulties encountered when relying on an
imaging diagnosis for medulloblastoma, especially in adults. There are only 40 reported
cases of CPA medulloblastoma in the literature, with most being intra-axial.[2]
[3]
[4]
[5] Extra-axial CPA medulloblastoma is extremely rare and only 10 adult cases have been
reported in world literature.[6]
Case Report
A 42-year-old female patient presented with complaints of progressive headache and
ataxia over a duration of 2 months. On neurological examination, her vision was normal
with no papilledema. She had no cranial nerves deficit or any other focal neurological
deficit, except for left cerebellar signs and nystagmus. Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) showed a heterogeneous lesion more hypo-intense than the gray matter on T1-weighted
images (T1WIs) and hyper intense on T2-weighted images (T2WIs) ([Fig. 1A]). There was heterogeneous enhancement of lesion after administration of contrast.
Axial and coronal imaging revealed the attachments of lesion to the left posterior
petrosal dura and inferior surface of tentorium. On corelating the preoperative clinical
and radiological findings, the common extra-axial CPA tumors, such as meningioma and
acoustic neuroma, were considered as differential diagnoses.
Fig. 1 (A) Preoperative MRI brain hyperintense on T2W axial. (B) Postoperative MRI brain showing complete excision of the tumor.
She underwent a standard retromastoid approach and the lesion was exposed through
the left CPA. The lesion was grayish white and solid but soft and friable in consistency
also, easily suckable. There was a clear plane between the tumor and cerebellum; however,
it was also adherent to dura and tent laterally. We could achieve a complete excision
of tumor. Hence, our intraoperative inference was that of an extra-axial soft dural
based tumor, probably meningioma. Her postoperative period was uneventful. She had
no focal neurological deficit and her cerebellar signs also gradually improved. The
postoperative CT scan revealed no definite residual or recurrent mass ([Fig. 1B]).
However, the histopathology (HP) showed a highly cellular tumor composed of rosettes
of small round cells, with high nucleus–cytoplasm ratio and increased mitotic figures—
suggestive of classical medulloblastoma—WHO grade IV ([Fig. 2A]). Immunohistochemical study revealed synaptophysin, S-100 protein, and neuron-specific
enolase to be positive but GFAP, neurofilament, and cytokeratin were negative ([Fig. 2B]).
Fig. 2 (A) H&E: Classic medulloblastoma showing a diffuse pattern of tumor growth with poor cellular
differentiation, nuclear molding, and minimal indistinct cytoplasm (B) IHC: Synaptophysin positivity in medulloblastoma shows as a brown staining of the cells.
In view of the histopathological diagnosis being contrary to our preoperative impression,
the specimens were reviewed again by a second pathologist, but the diagnosis remained
the same.
After the HP result was reported, MRI of the spinal cord was performed and it revealed
no evidence of metastasis to the spinal cord. The patient underwent cranio–spinal
radiotherapy. Magnetic resonance images obtained 3 months postoperatively demonstrated
no residual or recurrent mass. She has been under regular follow-up for 15 months
with no recurrences or metastases yet.
Discussion
In 2007, WHO designated it as a distinct embryonal tumor, distinguishing it from other
primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs).[2] Medulloblastoma is predominantly a pediatric tumor accounting for one-fourth of
all pediatric intracranial tumors. The most common site is the cerebellar vermis,
from where it penetrates the fourth ventricle, resulting in abnormalities in the flow
of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In 10 to 30% of pediatric cases, it has been observed
to spread along the CSF routes and become disseminated within the central nervous
system. The radiological features of medulloblastoma are classical: they display an
iso- or hypointense signal on T1WI, are heterogeneous on T2WI, and exhibit homogeneous
enhancement after addition of gadolinium, sometimes demonstrating a central hemorrhagic
zone (our preoperative diagnosis of CPA meningioma was due to age of the patient
at presentation and imaging features of well-demarcated, broad-based, extra-axial,
homogenously contrast-enhancing lesion). Medulloblastoma in adults is an uncommon
entity (1% of adult primary brain tumors) and its presence in CP angle region is exceptionally
rare. There have been only 10 reported cases of extra-axial medulloblastoma in the
adult literature.[6] The table describes CPA medulloblastomas described in the past, presentation, management,
and outcome compared to the present case ([Table 1]); however, they are likely to be underreported owing to publication bias. This tumor
is nearly twice as common in men. The tumors most often occur among patients in their
late 20s and early 30s.[6] It has been observed that the two most common sites for extra-axial locations are
the tentorial and CPA regions.[3]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12] Most commonly, they manifest as heterogeneously enhancing lesions upon contrast
administration.
Table 1
List of various CPA medulloblastomas described in the past, the presentation, course
of management, and follow-up
|
Author and year
|
Age and sex
|
Duration of symptoms
|
Presentation
|
Treatment
|
Follow-up
|
|
Abbreviations: AT, adjuvant therapy; B/L PE, bilateral papilledema; CPA, cerebellopontine
angle; CS, cerebellar symptoms; CT, chemotherapy; H, headache; HA, hemianesthesia;
HL, hearing loss; HP, hemiparesis; NV, nausea and vomiting; PE, partial excision;
RT, radiotherapy; TE, total excision.
|
|
Becker et al 1995[10]
|
32 F
|
–
|
H, NV
|
–
|
–
|
|
Akay et al 2003[15]
|
21 M
|
2 months
|
H, V, ataxia, B/L PE, HP, HA
|
PE, CT, RT
|
18 months
|
|
Gil Salu et al, 2004[9]
|
40 M
|
–
|
H, NV, HL, NV inv
|
TE, AT
|
–
|
|
Fallah et al, 2009[3]
|
47 M
|
–
|
H, NV
|
TE, RT
|
–
|
|
Furtado et al, 2009[11]
|
32 M
|
3 weeks
|
HNV, ataxia, B/L PE, CS
|
TE, AT
|
–
|
|
Singh et al, 2011[8]
|
21 M
|
1 month
|
H, NV, ataxia, B/L PE, left VII, IX, X, CS
|
TE only
|
Recurrence and metastasis at 15 months
|
|
Spina et al, 2013[12]
|
22 M
|
3 months
|
H, HL, ataxia, L Nystagmus
|
TE, RT
|
–
|
|
Spina et al, 2013[12]
|
26 F
|
Chr H
|
H, HL, ataxia, rt arm weakness, L VII
|
TE, RT
|
–
|
|
Bahrami et al, 2013[7]
|
23 M
|
2 months
|
HL, NV, ataxia
|
TE, RT
|
12 months
|
|
Goudihalli et al, 2016[6]
|
50 M
|
1 month
|
L VII, VIII, IX, X, H
|
PE, abandoned due to bleeding
|
Vegetative
|
|
Present case, 2018
|
42 F
|
2 months
|
H, NV, ataxia, left CS
|
TE, RT
|
15 months
|
There are currently two general hypotheses regarding the origin and spread of medulloblastoma.
In the first, medulloblastomas are proposed to arise from primitive multipotential
cells in the external granular cell layer in the cerebellar hemisphere, mainly the
flocculus which faces the CPA. The alternative view is that medulloblastomas arise
from multipotential cells in the subependymal region and within the fetal pineal region,
giving rise to all PNETs, regardless of location.[1] In other words, medulloblastoma can occur anywhere (including CPA) along the germ
cell tumors’ normal migration course to lateral side.[1]
[13]
In our case, both the preoperative and intraoperative findings pointed toward an entirely
extra-axial tumor without any association with cerebellar tissue; however, subsequent
histopathology report of medulloblastoma made our patients’ case interesting and rare.
After reviewing the literature, the 5-year survival rate has been reported to be around
30% for medulloblastomas in this location after surgery and radiotherapy,[1] while there have been cases that have improved with the use of combination chemotherapy
such as vincristine-based regimens of chemotherapy.[10] Few cases have shown improvement with combination of chemotherapy and radiation
therapy; however, surgery along with chemotherapy has remained the mainstay of treatment.
So far, there is no clear-cut consensus as to whether the CPA medulloblastomas are
more aggressive compared with their vermian counterpart.[6]
[14] We believe this may indicate a probable higher malignant potential of CPA medulloblastomas
in comparison to their vermian counterpart. Surgery via the retromastoid route, followed
by radiotherapy, remains the main treatment modality to manage these cases.
Conclusion
Over the years, medulloblastomas have shown a remarkable degree of heterogeneity in
terms of their presentation, radiological diagnosis and biological behavior. Although
considered to be a common pediatric intra-axial tumor, increasing solitary reports
of it presenting extra-axially in CPA region mandates it to be included in the differential
diagnosis of CPA tumors. This rare presentation at this unusual location may mislead
its proper diagnosis and delay the required adjuvant therapy.
