Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000161.xml
J Knee Surg 2020; 33(04): 339-345
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3401828
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3401828
Special Focus Section
Neurologic Assessment and Management of the Multiple Ligament Injured Knee: A Review and Synthesis of Current Evidence
Further Information
Publication History
16 October 2019
06 November 2019
Publication Date:
24 December 2019 (online)
Abstract
Knee dislocations are rare but devastating injuries that can often be associated with concomitant nerve injury, most often of the common peroneal nerve. Prompt diagnosis, investigation, and appropriate treatment are important in this subset of patients. This article provides an overview of relevant injury demographics, anatomy, diagnosis, and prognosis, and suggests a treatment algorithm for nerve injury associated with multiligament knee injury.
-
References
- 1 Medvecky MJ, Zazulak BT, Hewett TE. A multidisciplinary approach to the evaluation, reconstruction and rehabilitation of the multi-ligament injured athlete. Sports Med 2007; 37 (02) 169-187
- 2 Johnson ME, Foster L, DeLee JC. Neurologic and vascular injuries associated with knee ligament injuries. Am J Sports Med 2008; 36 (12) 2448-2462
- 3 Peskun CJ, Chahal J, Steinfeld ZY, Whelan DB. Risk factors for peroneal nerve injury and recovery in knee dislocation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2012; 470 (03) 774-778
- 4 Robertson A, Nutton RW, Keating JF. Dislocation of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2006; 88 (06) 706-711
- 5 Mook WR, Ligh CA, Moorman III CT, Leversedge FJ. Nerve injury complicating multiligament knee injury: current concepts and treatment algorithm. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2013; 21 (06) 343-354
- 6 Seebacher JR, Inglis AE, Marshall JL, Warren RF. The structure of the posterolateral aspect of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1982; 64 (04) 536-541
- 7 Giuseffi SA, Bishop AT, Shin AY, Dahm DL, Stuart MJ, Levy BA. Surgical treatment of peroneal nerve palsy after knee dislocation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2010; 18 (11) 1583-1586
- 8 Cush G, Irgit K. Drop foot after knee dislocation: evaluation and treatment. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev 2011; 19 (02) 139-146
- 9 Aigner F, Longato S, Gardetto A, Deibl M, Fritsch H, Piza-Katzer H. Anatomic survey of the common fibular nerve and its branching pattern with regard to the intermuscular septa of the leg. Clin Anat 2004; 17 (06) 503-512
- 10 Prasad AR, Steck JK, Dellon AL. Zone of traction injury of the common peroneal nerve. Ann Plast Surg 2007; 59 (03) 302-306
- 11 Tomaino M, Day C, Papageorgiou C, Harner C, Fu FH. Peroneal nerve palsy following knee dislocation: pathoanatomy and implications for treatment. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2000; 8 (03) 163-165
- 12 Goitz RJ, Tomaino MM. Management of peroneal nerve injuries associated with knee dislocations. Am J Orthop 2003; 32 (01) 14-16
- 13 Twaddle BC, Bidwell TA, Chapman JR. Knee dislocations: where are the lesions? A prospective evaluation of surgical findings in 63 cases. J Orthop Trauma 2003; 17 (03) 198-202
- 14 Ríos A, Villa A, Fahandezh H, de José C, Vaquero J. Results after treatment of traumatic knee dislocations: a report of 26 cases. J Trauma 2003; 55 (03) 489-494
- 15 Kadiyala RK, Ramirez A, Taylor AE, Saltzman CL, Cassell MD. The blood supply of the common peroneal nerve in the popliteal fossa. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005; 87 (03) 337-342
- 16 Medical Research Council. Aids to the Examination of the Peripheral Nervous System, Memorandum No. 45. London: The White Rose Press: Her Majesty's Stationery Office; 1972
- 17 Nobel W. Peroneal palsy due to hematoma in the common peroneal nerve sheath after distal torsional fractures and inversion ankle sprains. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1966; 48 (08) 1484-1495
- 18 Padua L, Di Pasquale A, Liotta G. , et al. Ultrasound as a useful tool in the diagnosis and management of traumatic nerve lesions. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124 (06) 1237-1243
- 19 Gruber H, Peer S, Meirer R, Bodner G. Peroneal nerve palsy associated with knee luxation: evaluation by sonography—initial experiences. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005; 185 (05) 1119-1125
- 20 Coraci D, Tsukamoto H, Granata G, Briani C, Santilli V, Padua L. Fibular nerve damage in knee dislocation: spectrum of ultrasound patterns. Muscle Nerve 2015; 51 (06) 859-863
- 21 Van den Bergh FR, Vanhoenacker FM, De Smet E, Huysse W, Verstraete KL. Peroneal nerve: normal anatomy and pathologic findings on routine MRI of the knee. Insights Imaging 2013; 4 (03) 287-299
- 22 Reddy CG, Amrami KK, Howe BM, Spinner RJ. Combined common peroneal and tibial nerve injury after knee dislocation: one injury or two? An MRI-clinical correlation. Neurosurg Focus 2015; 39 (03) E8
- 23 Tran TMA, Lim BG, Sheehy R, Robertson PL. Magnetic resonance imaging for common peroneal nerve injury in trauma patients: are routine knee sequences adequate for prediction of outcome?. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2019; 63 (01) 54-60
- 24 Deshmukh SD, Samet J, Fayad LM, Ahlawat S. Magnetic resonance neurography of traumatic pediatric peripheral nerve injury: beyond birth-related brachial palsy. Pediatr Radiol 2019; 49 (07) 954-964
- 25 Martín Noguerol T, Barousse R, Gómez Cabrera M, Socolovsky M, Bencardino JT, Luna A. Functional MR neurography in evaluation of peripheral nerve trauma and postsurgical assessment. Radiographics 2019; 39 (02) 427-446
- 26 Zhai H, Lv Y, Kong X, Liu X, Liu D. Magnetic resonance neurography appearance and diagnostic evaluation of peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Sci Rep 2019; 9 (01) 6939
- 27 Chhabra A, Thakkar RS, Andreisek G. , et al. Anatomic MR imaging and functional diffusion tensor imaging of peripheral nerve tumors and tumorlike conditions. Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34 (04) 802-807
- 28 Robinson LR. Traumatic injury to peripheral nerves. Muscle Nerve 2000; 23 (06) 863-873
- 29 O'Malley MP, Pareek A, Reardon P, Krych A, Stuart MJ, Levy BA. Treatment of peroneal nerve injuries in the multiligament injured/dislocated knee. J Knee Surg 2016; 29 (04) 287-292
- 30 Plancher KD, Siliski J. Long-term functional results and complications in patients with knee dislocations. J Knee Surg 2008; 21 (04) 261-268
- 31 Niall DM, Nutton RW, Keating JF. Palsy of the common peroneal nerve after traumatic dislocation of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005; 87 (05) 664-667
- 32 Worley JR, Brimmo O, Nuelle CW, Cook JL, Stannard JP. Incidence of concurrent peroneal nerve injury in multiligament knee injuries and outcomes after knee reconstruction. J Knee Surg 2019; 32 (06) 560-564
- 33 Peltola EK, Lindahl J, Hietaranta H, Koskinen SK. Knee dislocation in overweight patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 192 (01) 101-106
- 34 Woodmass JM, Romatowski NP, Esposito JG, Mohtadi NG, Longino PD. A systematic review of peroneal nerve palsy and recovery following traumatic knee dislocation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2015; 23 (10) 2992-3002
- 35 Chhabra A, Ahlawat S, Belzberg A, Andreseik G. Peripheral nerve injury grading simplified on MR neurography: as referenced to Seddon and Sunderland classifications. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2014; 24 (03) 217-224
- 36 Lee SK, Wolfe SW. Peripheral nerve injury and repair. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2000; 8 (04) 243-252
- 37 Willand MP, Nguyen MA, Borschel GH, Gordon T. Electrical stimulation to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2016; 30 (05) 490-496
- 38 Asensio-Pinilla E, Udina E, Jaramillo J, Navarro X. Electrical stimulation combined with exercise increase axonal regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. Exp Neurol 2009; 219 (01) 258-265
- 39 Al-Majed AA, Neumann CM, Brushart TM, Gordon T. Brief electrical stimulation promotes the speed and accuracy of motor axonal regeneration. J Neurosci 2000; 20 (07) 2602-2608
- 40 Wong JN, Olson JL, Morhart MJ, Chan KM. Electrical stimulation enhances sensory recovery: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Neurol 2015; 77 (06) 996-1006
- 41 Gordon T, Amirjani N, Edwards DC, Chan KM. Brief post-surgical electrical stimulation accelerates axon regeneration and muscle reinnervation without affecting the functional measures in carpal tunnel syndrome patients. Exp Neurol 2010; 223 (01) 192-202
- 42 York G, Chakrabarty S. A survey on foot drop and functional electrical stimulation. Int J Intell Robot Appl 2019; 3: 4-10
- 43 Kim DH, Murovic JA, Tiel RL, Kline DG. Management and outcomes in 318 operative common peroneal nerve lesions at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center. Neurosurgery 2004; 54 (06) 1421-1428 , discussion 1428–1429
- 44 Mont MA, Dellon AL, Chen F, Hungerford MW, Krackow KA, Hungerford DS. The operative treatment of peroneal nerve palsy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1996; 78 (06) 863-869
- 45 Richter M, Bosch U, Wippermann B, Hofmann A, Krettek C. Comparison of surgical repair or reconstruction of the cruciate ligaments versus nonsurgical treatment in patients with traumatic knee dislocations. Am J Sports Med 2002; 30 (05) 718-727
- 46 Sisto DJ, Warren RF. Complete knee dislocation. A follow-up study of operative treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1985; (198) 94-101
- 47 Siemionow M, Demir Y, Mukherjee AL. Repair of peripheral nerve defects with epineural sheath grafts. Ann Plast Surg 2010; 65 (06) 546-554
- 48 Garozzo D, Ferraresi S, Buffatti P. Surgical treatment of common peroneal nerve injuries: indications and results. A series of 62 cases. J Neurosurg Sci 2004; 48 (03) 105-112 , discussion 112
- 49 Samson D, Ng CY, Power D. An evidence-based algorithm for the management of common peroneal nerve injury associated with traumatic knee dislocation. EFORT Open Rev 2017; 1 (10) 362-367
- 50 Giuffre JL, Kakar S, Bishop AT, Spinner RJ, Shin AY. Current concepts of the treatment of adult brachial plexus injuries. J Hand Surg Am 2010; 35 (04) 678-688 , quiz 688
- 51 Shin AY, Spinner RJ, Steinmann SP, Bishop AT. Adult traumatic brachial plexus injuries. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2005; 13 (06) 382-396
- 52 Krych AJ, Giuseffi SA, Kuzma SA, Stuart MJ, Levy BA. Is peroneal nerve injury associated with worse function after knee dislocation?. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2014; 472 (09) 2630-2636
- 53 Yeap JS, Birch R, Singh D. Long-term results of tibialis posterior tendon transfer for drop-foot. Int Orthop 2001; 25 (02) 114-118
- 54 Molund M, Engebretsen L, Hvaal K, Hellesnes J, Ellingsen Husebye E. Posterior tibial tendon transfer improves function for foot drop after knee dislocation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2014; 472 (09) 2637-2643
- 55 Bodily KD, Spinner RJ, Bishop AT. Restoration of motor function of the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve by direct nerve transfer of branches from the tibial nerve: an anatomical study. Clin Anat 2004; 17 (03) 201-205
- 56 Flores LP. Proximal motor branches from the tibial nerve as direct donors to restore function of the deep fibular nerve for treatment of high sciatic nerve injuries: a cadaveric feasibility study. Neurosurgery 2009; 65 (6, Suppl): 218-224 , discussion 224–225
- 57 Pirela-Cruz MA, Hansen U, Terreros DA, Rossum A, West P. Interosseous nerve transfers for tibialis anterior muscle paralysis (foot drop): a human cadaver-based feasibility study. J Reconstr Microsurg 2009; 25 (03) 203-211
- 58 White CP, Cooper MJ, Bain JR, Levis CM. Axon counts of potential nerve transfer donors for peroneal nerve reconstruction. Can J Plast Surg 2012; 20 (01) 24-27
- 59 Nath RK, Lyons AB, Paizi M. Successful management of foot drop by nerve transfers to the deep peroneal nerve. J Reconstr Microsurg 2008; 24 (06) 419-427
- 60 Giuffre JL, Bishop AT, Spinner RJ, Levy BA, Shin AY. Partial tibial nerve transfer to the tibialis anterior motor branch to treat peroneal nerve injury after knee trauma. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2012; 470 (03) 779-790
- 61 Leclère FM, Badur N, Mathys L, Vögelin E. Nerve transfers for persistent traumatic peroneal nerve palsy: the Inselspital Bern experience. Neurosurgery 2015; 77 (04) 572-579 , discussion 579–580
- 62 Ferris S, Maciburko SJ. Partial tibial nerve transfer to tibialis anterior for traumatic peroneal nerve palsy. Microsurgery 2017; 37 (06) 596-602
- 63 Grauwin MY, Wavreille G, Fontaine C. Double tendon transfer for correction of drop-foot. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2015; 101 (01) 115-118
- 64 Vigasio A, Marcoccio I, Patelli A, Mattiuzzo V, Prestini G. New tendon transfer for correction of drop-foot in common peroneal nerve palsy. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008; 466 (06) 1454-1466
- 65 Dwyer T, Whelan D. Anatomical considerations in multiligament knee injury and surgery. J Knee Surg 2012; 25 (04) 263-274