Keywords
levonorgestrel intrauterine system - consecutive use - bleeding patterns
Palavras-chave
Sistema Intrauterino De Levonorgestrel - uso consecutivo - padrão de sangramento
Introduction
The 52 mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) is a long-acting, reversible contraceptive method, also used as treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding.[1]
[2] It has been widely used with high satisfaction rates, and many women opt for the insertion of a new IUS after the end of the approved lifespan of 5 years.[3]
[4] In addition, it has been reported that this device could be used beyond the approved 5-year lifetime, and data have been published up to 7 years of use, which improves cost-effectiveness.[5]
[6]
[7] However, some users and healthcare professionals (HCPs) associate changes in bleeding patterns at the end of the approved lifespan with decreasing contraceptive efficacy of the method, which does not seem supported by the medical literature.[5]
[6]
[7]
The high effectiveness of LNG-IUS is attributable to two mechanisms of local action: the antiproliferative effect upon the endometrium, which induces amenorrhea, and the effect on cervical mucus, which impairs sperm penetration.[8]
[9]
[10] The 52 mg LNG-IUS releases 20 µg/day immediately after device placement and declines over time to 10 to 12 µg/day up to 5 years of use; however, LNG has been detected in the 8th year of use.[11]
[12] The serum mean (±SEM) LNG levels decreased from 253 ± 27 pg/ml (range, 86–760) during the first 2 months after placement to 137 ± 12 (range, 23–393) at 7 years of use and 119 ± 9 pg/ml (range, 110–129) at 8 years after placement.[11] The reduction of LNG levels correlated to increments of endometrial thickness (from 2.8 ± -0.1 mm at 84 months of use to 3.8 ± -0.5 mm at 102 months of use).[11] The authors reported that as LNG decreased over time, the amenorrhea rate decreased from 41.8% at 84 months to 31.5% at 102 months of use, but no correlations were found between serum LNG levels and bleeding patterns.[11]
Despite the lower release of LNG with over time use, the described contraceptive failure is 0.2/100 women-years (WY) and is similar to the rates reported for new LNG-IUSs loaded with 19.5 mg (Kyleena— Bayer PLC, Reading, Berkshire, UK), which release 16 µg/day and 7.4 µg/day of LNG at the 1st and 5th year of use, respectively, and only slightly less (0.4/100 WY) for the LNG-IUS loaded with 13.5 mg (Jaydess/Skyla – Bayer Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada), which releases 12 µg/day and 5 µg/day at the end of the 1st and 3rd year of use, respectively.[13]
[14]
[15]
Despite the large body of evidence concerning efficacy and bleeding patterns among 52 mg LNG-IUS users, information about the use of 2nd or 3rd consecutive LNG-IUSs is scarce.[1]
[3]
[4]
[13]
[16]
[17] It is not well established whether users of the LNG-IUS maintain the same bleeding patterns observed at the end of the 5-year approved lifespan after changing the device out for a new one or if the bleeding patterns change to a lighter or heavier flow. It is important to know if changes in the bleeding pattern still occur during the predicted period of high contraceptive efficacy of the method. This information may help to dispel the idea that the changes in menstrual pattern that take place in year 5 of using the method correspond to a decrease in the contraceptive efficacy.
The objective of our study was to assess and compare self-reported bleeding patterns of LNG-IUS users with reference periods of 90 days before the removal of first IUS (IUS-1), after the approved lifespan and same-day replacement with a second IUS (IUS-2), and at the last annual return visit of IUS-2.
Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study conducted at the Family Planning clinic, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The ethical committee of the institution approved the study protocol and authorized the data collection and analysis; the information was unidentifiable following collection. The medical records of all women who received a 52 mg LNG-IUS (Mirena—Bayer Oy, Turku, Finland) for contraception at our service and consecutively received an IUS-2 were included in the study. The data were collected from information contained in the medical records of the service. Women who did not have information about bleeding patterns in the medical records were not included. We obtained sociodemographic and obstetrics information, total length of use, bleeding patterns and rates and reasons for discontinuation of the IUS-2. The professionals of our service followed an interview script about the women's menstrual history at the time of insertion of the IUS, and the women are questioned about the menstrual bleeding presented in the last 90 days on subsequent return visits. They were categorized into 5 patterns: amenorrhea (no bleeding), infrequent bleeding (1–2 episodes of bleeding and/or spotting), frequent bleeding (> 5 episodes of bleeding and/or spotting), regular bleeding (3–5 episodes of bleeding and/or spotting), and prolonged bleeding (> 14 consecutive days of bleeding and spotting).[18] For this study, we collected information on bleeding patterns self-reported by women in a reference period of the last 90 days before IUS-1 removal and 90 days before the last return visit to the clinic when using IUS-2. The patterns of “frequent” and “prolonged” bleeding were computed together for analysis as “frequent/prolonged” bleeding due to the scarce number of women with these patterns.
Statistical Analysis
We used the χ2, Fisher exact, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by a post-hoc Dunn test to identify the variables with association. For comparisons between bleeding patterns, we used the McNemar test. Statistical significance level was established at p < 0.05. The Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software program, version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was used for the analysis.
Results
Between 2007 and 2017, 12,570 LNG-IUSs were inserted at our service. We reviewed the medical charts of 316 women who received a 2nd consecutive LNG-IUS on the same day as the removal of the 1st one at the end of the approved lifespan. From those women, 15 were excluded due to lack of reliable information; consequently, we report information regarding 301 women with information about bleeding patterns. The mean (±standard error of the mean [SEM]) age at IUS-1 and IUS-2 insertion was 32.0 (±0.35) and 37.7 (±0.37), respectively. The length of use of IUS-1 and IUS-2 was 68.9 (±0.97) and 20.3 (±0.96) months, respectively. Most of the women attended ≤ 8 years of schooling and were living with a partner ([Table 1]).
Table 1
Characteristics of users of a second consecutive levonogestrel-releasing intrauterine system
|
Variables
|
n = 301 (100%)
n (%)
|
|
Age at IUS-1 placement, mean (SEM)
|
32.0 (0.35)
|
|
Age at IUS-2 placement, mean (SEM)*
|
37.7 (0.37)
|
|
Schooling (years), n (%)**
|
|
≤ 8
|
243 (82.6)
|
|
> 8
|
51 (17.1)
|
|
Marital status, n (%)***
|
|
With a partner
|
246 (82.8)
|
|
Without a partner
|
51 (17.1)
|
|
Number of pregnancies, mean (SD)
|
1.7 (0.9)
|
|
Number of deliveries, mean (SD)
|
1.5 (0.8)
|
|
Length of use of the IUS-1 (months), mean (SEM)
|
68.9 (0.97)
|
|
Length of use of the IUS-2 (months), mean (SEM)
|
20.3 (0.96)
|
Abbreviations: IUS, intrauterine system; SD, standard deviation; SEM, standard error of the mean.
*Missing = 2 (299 women evaluated); **Missing = 7 (294 women evaluated); ***Missing = 4 (297 women evaluated).
We also observed that at the end of use of the IUS-1, 43.8%, 23.9%, 24.9%, and 7.3% of women had reported amenorrhea, infrequent, regular, and frequent/prolonged bleeding, respectively ([Table 2]). The length of use of the IUS-1 was different according to the bleeding pattern and was longer among women with amenorrhea compared with those with regular or frequent/prolonged bleeding; it was also longer among women with infrequent compared with those with frequent/prolonged bleeding ([Table 2]). Additionally, the length of use (IUS-1 + IUS-2) was significantly higher among women with amenorrhea compared with women with frequent/prolonged bleeding or regular bleeding ([Table 2]).
Table 2
Bleeding patterns reported at the end of use of the first intrauterine system and its relationship with some variables
|
Variables
|
Amenorrhea
n = 132
(43.8%)
n (%)
|
Infrequent
n = 72
(23.9%)
n (%)
|
Regular
n = 75
(24.9%)
n (%)
|
Frequent/prolonged
n = 22
(7.3%)
n (%)
|
p-value*
|
|
Age at IUS-1, mean (SD)[¶]
|
31.8 (6.1)
|
32.3 (6.0)
|
32.0 (6.0)
|
33.1 (7.7)
|
0.742
|
|
Age at IUS-2, mean (SD)¥
|
37.9 (6.2)
|
37.8 (6.4)*
|
37.1 (6.6)**
|
38.3 (8.4)
|
0.758
|
|
Number of pregnancies, mean (SD)
|
1.7 (0.9)
|
1.9 (0.8)
|
1.8 (0.9)
|
1.6 (1.4)
|
0.082
|
|
Number of deliveries, mean (SD)
|
1.5 (0.7)
|
1.7 (0.7)
|
1.6 (0.8)
|
1.4 (0.9)
|
0.183
|
|
Number of abortions, mean (SD)
|
0.1 (0.5)
|
0.1 (0.4)
|
0.3 (0.7)
|
0.1 (0.6)
|
0.362
|
|
Length of use of IUS-1, months, mean (SD)
|
73.0 (10.4)
|
68.7 (17.4)
|
63.8 (22.4)
|
63.1 (18.3)
|
0.0002#
|
|
Length of use of IUS-2, months, mean (SD)
|
21.9 (16.8)
|
16.6 (15.6)
|
20.0 (18.2)
|
23.5 (13.4)
|
0.055
|
|
Total length of use months, mean (SD)
|
95.4 (21.0)
|
85.4 (18.2)
|
84.3 (21.7)
|
86.5 (23.6)
|
0.0006&
|
Abbreviation: IUS-1, first intrauterine system; ISU-2, second intrauterine system; SD, standard deviation.
¶ Age at first placement; ¥Age at second placement; *Kruskal Wallis test; #Post-hoc Dunn test – amenorrhea > frequent/prolonged and amenorrhea > regular; spotting > frequent/prolonged; &Post-hoc Dunn test – amenorrhea > frequent/prolonged and amenorrhea > regular; *Missing = 1 (71 women evaluated); **Missing = 1 (74 women evaluated).
At the last visit using the IUS-2, we observed an increment of users with amenorrhea (50.8%) and infrequent bleeding (28.5%), and a low proportion of women with regular (15.6%) or frequent/prolonged bleeding (4.9%) ([Table 3]).
Table 3
Distribution of women according to bleeding patterns reported during the last 90 days of use of the 1st intrauterine system and 90 days before the last return visit using the 2nd intrauterine system
|
Bleeding pattern
|
Last 90 days of use of the IUS-1
n = 301
n (%)
|
Length of use of the IUS-2
|
|
≤ 6 months
n = 80
n (%)
|
> 7 months–6 years
n = 221
n (%)
|
|
Amenorrhea
|
132 (43.8)
|
35 (43.7)
|
118 (53.4)
|
|
Infrequent
|
72 (23.9)
|
24 (30.0)
|
62 (28.0)
|
|
Regular
|
75 (24.9)
|
17 (21.2)
|
30 (13.5)
|
|
Frequent/prolonged
|
22 (7.3)
|
4 (5.0)
|
11 (4.9)
|
Abbreviation: IUS, intrauterine system.
[Table 4] shows the comparison between the frequencies of bleeding patterns presented at the end of use of the IUS-1 and at the last visit using the IUS-2. Of the 221 women who used the IUS-2 from 7 months to 6 years, only 89/221 women (40%) maintained the same patterns of amenorrhea and infrequent bleeding; 66 (30%) evolved to bleeding patterns with lighter flow, and 66 (30%) maintained or evolved to patterns with heavier flow than presented when in use of IUS-1 (p = 0.012). Among the 104 women with amenorrhea at the end of IUS-1 use, only 70 continued to experience amenorrhea ([Table 4]).
Table 4
Bleeding pattern variations during the last 90 days before removal of the 1st intrauterine system and 90 days before last visit using the 2nd intrauterine system for > 7 months to 6 years
|
Bleeding pattern with IUS-1
|
Bleeding pattern with IUS-2
|
|
Amenorrhea
n = 118
n (%)
|
Infrequent
n = 62
n (%)
|
Regular
n = 30
n (%)
|
Frequent/prolonged
n = 11
n (%)
|
p-value[@]
|
|
Amenorrhea, n = 104
|
70 (59.3)
|
25 (40.3)
|
3 (10.0)
|
6 (54.5)
|
0.012
|
|
Infrequent, n = 48
|
23 (19.5)
|
19 (30.6)
|
5 (16.6)
|
1 (9.0)
|
|
|
Regular, n = 50
|
16 (13.5)
|
14 (22.5)
|
18 (60.0)
|
2 (18.1)
|
|
|
Frequent/prolonged, n = 19
|
9 (7.6)
|
4 (6.4)
|
4 (13.3)
|
2 (18.1)
|
|
@ McNemar test. Excludes the 80 women with length of use of the IUS-2 ≤ 6 months.
Of the 80 women who used the IUS-2 for only 6 months, there were no differences when comparing the bleeding patterns with those observed at the end of use of the IUS-1 (p = 0.1163). At the end of the data collection (September/2017), 277 (92%) women were still using the device and 9 were using a 3rd LNG-IUS after the end of the approved lifespan. Also, 24 women had the device removed: 3 wished to become pregnant, 9 reached menopause, and 12 had expulsions.
Discussion
Our results showed that women using a 52 mg LNG-IUS had significantly varied bleeding patterns over time while using this method. We emphasize that women with amenorrhea at the end of use of the IUS-1 also changed to other bleeding patterns like infrequent (24%), and even regular and frequent/prolonged bleeding (8.6%), during the use of the IUS-2.
Our findings are important to HCPs to determine how to counsel women on when to change the LNG-IUS and to consider the possibility of extended use for 7 years and beyond.[5]
[7] In our service, some HCPs have expressed concerns of reduced contraceptive effectiveness when women keep the same device beyond the manufacturer-recommended 5 years, mainly among women who reported changes in their bleeding patterns and especially if they experienced amenorrhea at any time during use and changed to other bleeding patterns after 5 years of use. The behavior of the HCPs for early removal and replacement of the IUS was reflected in the results presented in this report showing long periods of use for women with amenorrhea and short periods among women with other bleeding patterns.
Because no correlation was reported between serum LNG concentrations and bleeding patterns, we can speculate that low doses of LNG after the 5th year of use of the 52 mg LNG-IUS maintain the high contraceptive efficacy independently of the observed bleeding patterns, which were observed previously.[6]
[7]
[11]
[12]
[19]
We found at end use of IUS-1 that amenorrhea was observed in 43.8% of users; this result is in agreement with a recent prospective study that described 41.8% of amenorrhea at 5 years of use of the LNG-IUS.[13]
Our results showed that women with amenorrhea displayed infrequent and regular bleeding patterns in the 2 study periods within the range described in previous prospective studies with slight variations, possibly due to the retrospective characteristic of our study.[4]
[16]
[17] A Sweden-based study followed 82 women who underwent a 2nd consecutive IUS placement after 7 years of use with the 1st one, and the authors reported that 26% and 60% of participants experienced amenorrhea in the 1st period for the 1st IUS and for the last 5 years of use for the 2nd device, respectively, while showing 70% and 28% with regular/scanty bleeding patterns while using the 1st and 2nd IUSs, respectively.[4]
In addition, a multicenter study of 204 women with a 15-month follow-up evaluated bleeding patterns during the 1st LNG-IUS (between 4.3 and 4.9 years) and showed a mean of 7 and 8 days of bleeding/spotting at 90 days before and after changing the device, respectively, decreasing to 4 days after 1 year of use with the 2nd IUS.[16] Of the 204 women in that study, 170 women remained at follow-up, and the bleeding patterns described in the last 90 days 2 to 5 years after placement of the 2nd IUS showed reductions of bleeding in 70% of the women, while > 49% of women experienced amenorrhea, which was associated with high rates of satisfaction and continuation.[17] The results of our study were similar to those found in these prospective studies.[4]
[16]
[17]
The main limitation of the present study was the retrospective design, which could introduce bias. On the other hand, the main strength is that we evaluated the same cohort of women at two different moments, which may have contributed, at least in part, to the quality of the evaluation of the variations between bleeding patterns. Additionally, another strength is that we assessed the bleeding patterns 90 days before the last annual consultation of the IUS-2, which occurred between 7 months and 6 years after placement.
Our study has two major implications for HCPs who provide care in family planning. First, the bleeding patterns observed in LNG-IUS users did not change in the first 6 months after changing the device for a new one. Second, in the period from 7 months up to 6 years after the 2nd device placement, it is expected that the bleeding patterns will vary from the pattern observed when removing the 1st IUS. This information may help users and HCPs to more readily accept the extended use of the method and prevent both from interpreting changes in bleeding patterns as decreasing the efficacy of the method.
Although users of a second LNG-IUS reported high rates of amenorrhea and infrequent bleeding and lower rates of regular, frequent/prolonged bleeding after changing the LNG-IUS, some women also experienced bleeding pattern changes from light flow to frequent/prolonged flow, which has not been found to be linked to contraceptive efficacy.
As we evaluated the time of IUS-2 use for up to 6 years of use, a period in which its efficacy is still high, these changes in bleeding pattern did not appear to indicate a decrease in the contraceptive efficacy of the method. In addition, we did not have any pregnancy in the period of IUS-2 use.
Conclusion
Changes in bleeding patterns occur during the use of LNG-IUS and should not be decisive for the early replacement of the device.
