Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by infection with severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, known also as novel coronavirus 2019),
is currently occurring as a pandemic. It first appeared in December 2019 in Wuhan
city, located in the Hubei region of China, and was soon followed by a quick spread
to nearby provinces of China and to its neighboring countries. As of March 26, 2020,
the infection has been reported from 198 countries and has affected more than471,000
people worldwide, with more than 21,000 deaths (https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/).
COVID-19 most often presents with a recent-onset fever, dry cough, weakness, and sore
throat. Up to 50% of patients may report shortness of breath, and a few develop acute
respiratory distress syndrome. Nasal symptoms are infrequent. Asymptomatic infection
can also occur; however, in the absence of a serological test, its frequency remains
unclear. The case fatality rate has been reported between 1 and 3.5%, but may depend
on case definition; for instance, if milder cases or asymptomatic persons are tested,
diagnosed, and included in the case count, the mortality rate would appear to be low.
Human-to-human transmission occurs primarily through direct contact through air droplets.
The mean incubation period is 5 days (range: 0–14 days). Spread from asymptomatic
persons in the late incubation period can occur; however, most of the viral spread
appears to occur from symptomatic persons. Older people and the immunocompromised
individuals are at particular risk of severe disease and death.
Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms including nausea and/or diarrhea have been reported
to occur in 5 to 50% of infected individuals in various series. Liver enzymes are
abnormal in a quarter of cases. Viral RNA is detectable in stool and may persist for
longer than the acute illness; however, whether this represents the presence of viable
virus and the risk of transmission remains unclear. Meanwhile, it appears prudent
to consider GI secretions as infective, capable of causing fecal–oral transmission,
and associated with a potential for transmission of the virus during endoscopic procedures
from patient to patient or from a patient to health care workers (HCWs).
In GI endoscopy units, several staff members including physicians and other HCW often
work at a very short physical distance from patients. Furthermore, they are frequently
exposed to splashes, air droplets, mucus, or saliva during GI endoscopy procedures.
Endoscopy is potentially an aerosol producing procedure and the risk of exposure may
be particularly high during intubation with an endoscope that can occasionally induce
coughing or violent retching. Or, if unexpected respiratory adverse event occurs during
endoscopy with or without the need of placement of an endotracheal tube.
The best personal protection techniques currently recommended at all times are as
follows:
-
Frequent and thorough handwashing (with soap and water or antiseptic handwash solutions,
preferably those containing 60% alcohol).
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Avoiding touching one’s face, mouth, or nose with unwashed hands.
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Following cough and sneezing etiquette.
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Maintaining physical distance from other people and avoiding crowds.
In addition, in health care settings including in endoscopy suites, wearing surgical
masks by HCWs may help prevent exposure to infectious material from an infected patient
source such as splashes, saliva, or mucus. Though this practice is very useful, it
may not be sufficient enough to provide complete protection from exposure to the virus
and other contaminants to the wearer.
With an increasing number of COVID-19 cases in India (673 cases including 13 deaths
on March 26, 2020), it is felt that GI health professionals need to be aware of the
disease and how to prevent COVID-19 transmission and manage patients during the ongoing
COVID-19 pandemic.
Keeping this in view, the three Indian professional bodies in the field of GI disease,
namely the Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of India (SGEI), Indian Society of
Gastroenterology (ISG), and Indian National Association for the Study of the Liver
(INASL), have come up with this guidance for gastroenterologists and GI endoscopists
who are involved in providing care to patients with GI and liver disease.
Since the available scientific evidence on the disease is scanty, these recommendations
are mostly based on expert opinion and knowledge derived from other pathogens with
similar characteristics. However, the guidance represents what is believed to be the
best current understanding and prudent clinical practice and should generally serve
the gastroenterology community well.
These recommendations are divided into two sections, namely (1) those related to endoscopic
procedures and (2) other important aspects of patient care in the face of the COVID-19
pandemic.
Recommendations Related to Endoscopic Procedures
Scheduling of Endoscopic Procedures
Endoscopy procedures can be divided into three categories based on their urgency as
follows:
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Emergency endoscopic procedures: procedures for patients with life-threatening conditions, for example, diagnostic
or therapeutic endoscopic procedures in patients with acute upper GI or lower GI bleeding,
removal of impacted foreign body, and therapeutic endoscopy in patients with cholangitis
or GI perforations.
-
Urgent endoscopic procedures: diseases/conditions in which the treating clinician feels that an endoscopic procedure
will have a significant beneficial impact on clinical outcome over the next 1 month.
Examples include drainage of an infected pancreatic fluid collection, diagnosis and
staging of GI cancers, placement of a nasojejunal or percutaneous gastrostomy tube
for nutritional support, drainage of malignant biliary obstruction, and placement
of a stent for malignant luminal obstruction of the esophagus, colon, or duodenum.
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Routine endoscopic procedures:endoscopic procedures that do not fall in either of the aforementioned two categories,
for example, all routine referrals for diagnostic endoscopy procedures, and endoscopic
procedures for screening or surveillance.
It is recommended that only emergency and urgent endoscopy procedures may be undertaken
for the next 4 weeks or until the current threat of COVID-19 lasts or further evidence
becomes available. Routine endoscopy procedures can usually be safely postponed for
1 month, though such patients must be closely monitored for any change in clinical
status that may change the need for endoscopy to “urgent” or “emergency.” In such
cases, alternative approaches (e.g., a radiological investigation or procedure) for
diagnosis or treatment may also be explored since are less risky options.
All the three Indian gastroenterology societies (SGEI, ISG, and INASL) jointly recommend
to consider only emergency and urgent endoscopy procedures for the next 1 month or
till the current threat due to COVID-19 is over. Routine endoscopic procedures can
be postponed for the next 4 weeks unless a change in a patient’s clinical status mandates
an emergency or urgent endoscopy in the intervening period.
Endoscopic Procedures
For any patient scheduled for endoscopy, the following steps are recommended during
the preprocedure, procedure, and postprocedure phases.
Preprocedure Screening
In each patient scheduled for an endoscopic procedure, history of fever or respiratory
symptoms, contact with a confirmed case of COVID-19, and a recent history of travel
to or of living in an area with higher rate of transmission of COVID-19 disease should
be obtained. Furthermore, for each such person, body temperature should be measured
as a routine. Based on these parameters, the person should be categorized into one
of the following three categories of risk of harboring SARS-CoV-2 infection: low risk,
intermediate risk, and high risk.
Low Risk
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No symptom suggestive of COVID-19 (cough, fever, breathlessness, or diarrhea).
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No history of travel to or stay in a high-risk area* in the past 14 days (*a “high-risk
area” implies an area where more than 1,000 cases have been confirmed till date; this
is changing over time).
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No contact with a COVID-19 patient.
Intermediate Risk
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Symptoms present but no history of travel to or stay in a high-risk area during the
past 14 days or of contact with a COVID-19 patient; or
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No symptom, but history of contact with a confirmed COVID-19 patient or stay in or
travel to a high-risk area in the last 14 days.
High Risk
In case of a possibility of intermediate or high risk of exposure to coronavirus,
the need and urgency of the procedure must be reconsidered. In such cases, the procedure
should generally be postponed unless there is an indication for emergency endoscopy.
Furthermore, for persons with high-risk exposure or the presence of symptoms, follow
the protocol recommended by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government
of India.
In the Procedure Room
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The number of staff members present in the endoscopy area during the procedure should
be reduced to the minimum required.
-
All members of the endoscopy team should wear appropriate personal protective equipment
(PPE), such as gloves, mask, eye shield/goggles, face shields, and gown, as appropriate,
based on risk assessment and stratification and undertake adequate handwashing before
and after handling the patients.
-
For high-risk cases, ensure that appropriate PPE is available and worn by all members
of the endoscopy team. In such cases, the sequence of wearing (donning) and removal
(doffing) of PPE must follow the prescribed standard protocol.
-
Data on the efficacy of commonly used chemical disinfection agents against SARS-CoV-2
are currently not available. However, since most of the other coronaviruses are inactivated
by the commonly used disinfectants, it appears that no additional steps beyond those
currently recommended for endoscope cleaning and reprocessing are needed. However,
the recommended protocols for disinfection techniques for endoscope reprocessing must
be strictly adhered to.
-
As far as possible, only disposable endoscopic accessories should be used.
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Standard endoscopy room disinfection policy should be followed for non-COVID-19 or
low-risk patients undergoing endoscopy.
-
For patients with intermediate or high risk of COVID-19 infection, noncritical environmental
surfaces frequently touched by hand (e.g., bedside tables, bed rails, cell phones,
computers) and endoscopy furniture and floor should be disinfected at the end of each
procedure.
-
With a COVID-19 positive or very high-risk case with respiratory symptoms, the endoscopy
may be performed in a negative-pressure room, if available.
Postprocedure Observation
-
During patient observation in the postprocedure area or a recovery room, adequate
spacing between beds (at least 6 feet) should be ensured.
-
Surgical masks should be provided for patients with respiratory symptoms.
Other Recommendations Relevant to Gastroenterology Practice
Outpatient Clinics
-
Nonurgent consultations and outpatient visits may be postponed or rescheduled for
4 weeks later (unless change in symptoms or clinical situation warrants an earlier
visit during the intervening period).
-
The policy of having only one accompanying person per patient should be insisted in
consultation rooms, waiting areas, and for inpatients to prevent crowding.
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Information about COVID-19 must be displayed in the outpatient and other patient waiting
areas with visuals recommending the dos and the don’ts.
-
An appointment system should be instituted and followed so that the patients do not
have to wait for a long time or to crowd in the outpatient or endoscopy waiting area.
-
The electronic means of communications or telemedicine (such as phone calls, text
messaging, WhatsApp, or other video calling applications) can be used for resolving
minor queries and may help obviate a visit to the hospital or clinic, thereby reducing
the risk of transmission of infection.
Academic Activities and Work Schedule of the Department
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It is ideal to follow the institutional policy regarding holding academic activities
and the work schedule of the department.
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Rescheduling of department meetings or academic sessions involving more than 10 persons
till the COVID-19 crisis is over should be considered.
-
Fellow students and doctors should consider the use of text-messaging tools (e.g.,
WhatsApp) or social media tools for communication and academic interaction between
members of the gastroenterology team as well as other specialists. While sharing information
about patients over such tools, the issues related to patient confidentiality must
receive due attention.
-
In the event of an outbreak in the department/hospital, it is most appropriate to
follow the institutional guidance. It seems appropriate for each unit/department to
have more than one team of doctors and other staff working on a rotation basis to
ensure that it is able to provide uninterrupted service. A schedule may be drawn whereby
one group attends the hospital for a specified number of days and the other group
follows the next days. This may help avoid the risk of the whole department needing
quarantine in case of a high-risk exposure to a patient or another HCW in the hospital,
resulting in the entire department closing down.
Actions in Case of Exposure to a Health Care Worker to COVID-19
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If an HCW is exposed to a person at high risk of or a confirmed COVID-19 case, the
hospital’s infection control team should be informed immediately, and the guidelines
set up by the MoHFW, Government of India, should be followed.
-
Such workers may need quarantine for 14 days with self-monitoring and/or supervised
guidance based on the risk stratification of the exposure.
-
For asymptomatic HCWs involved in the care of suspected or confirmed cases of COVID-19,
prophylactic treatment with hydroxychloroquine may be considered, as per the guidelines
put forward by the Indian Council of Medical Research. The recommended dosage for
this purpose is 400 mg (taken with meals) twice a day on day 1 followed by 400 mg
once weekly for the next 7 weeks.
However, it is pertinent to point out that data to support this recommendation are
limited to a French study in treatment (and not prophylaxis) setting, which had a
nonrandomized nonblinded design with a small sample size (treated cohort of 26 and
untreated cohort of 16 derived from different hospitals and hence not necessarily
comparable) and different dropout rates (6/26 and 0/16, respectively) in the two cohorts.
Of the 20 patients who received hydroxychloroquine, 7 also took azithromycin. Furthermore,
it compared with a surrogate outcome (absence of viral RNA on day 6), and it was unclear
whether this was decided a priori (before the study started).
Also, the use of chemoprophylaxis carries the risk of adverse events and instilling
a false sense of security with reduced adherence to safety precautions. The recommendations
for quarantine may change over time if the community spread of coronavirus becomes
common.
Patients with Preexisting Digestive Diseases
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Patients on specific immunosuppressive treatment such as corticosteroids or cancer
chemotherapy (e.g., in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune liver
disease, transplant recipients) should contact their treating doctors for advice about
the need to continue their treatment and for updated information.
-
In patients with inflammatory bowel disease, there is no recommendation to pause the
immunosuppressive treatment at the moment. Often, the risk of flare-up of the original
disease may outweigh the chance of contracting COVID-19, necessitating the continuation
of such drugs.
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All such patients should follow the guidelines of the MoHFW, Government of India,
for the general public, which are meant to minimize exposure to the coronavirus disease,
especially social distancing and frequent handwashing.
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Patients with cirrhosis (even Child A) and those with prior liver transplantation
should be discouraged from visiting a clinic or hospital, unless absolutely essential.
-
Patients with decompensated cirrhosis should be considered for inpatient treatment
only if there is a pressing indication for admission, such as acute GI bleed, hepatic
encephalopathy, tense ascites causing respiratory distress, or liver cancer requiring
locoregional therapy or liver transplantation.
-
Endoscopic variceal ligation as primary prophylaxis should be postponed till 4 to
6 weeks later or till the threat of COVID-19 infection has passed.
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Liver transplant recipients with COVID-19 infection should be monitored for drug–drug
interactions, if they are prescribed lopinavir/ritonavir antiviral therapy (see AST
Guidance).[16]
Each hospital or clinic should adopt measures, as locally suitable and acceptable
and as per the regional or state policies and the local risk of occurrence of the
COVID-19 outbreak.
As gastroenterologists, we should adopt steps to prevent the spread of this virus
and to protect ourselves, our staff, coworkers, and their family members, and the
population at large, while imparting quality care to our patients.
From the Editor-in-Chief’s Desk
This is a position paper prepared in March 2020 jointly by three Gastroenterology
societies of India as per available evidence on COVID. However as more data pours
in, there may be some changes in our position in near future. Please visit our website
www.sgei.co.in for latest information.
Dr Mahesh Goenka.
Editor-in-Chief.
