Keywords
bronchoscopy - foreign body - bronchial - trachea - bronchoscope - consolidation
Introduction
Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration is one of the common life-threatening emergencies in children. It is one of the leading causes of mortality among the pediatric population. A developing child always tends to explore objects and insert them in the mouth. This tendency leads to more chances of foreign body aspiration. It requires urgent removal of the foreign body to prevent complications and to reduce mortality.[1] According to the literature, children < 3 years old are more prone to foreign body aspiration.[2] Narrow and short upper airway and incomplete protective mechanisms may also add to the morbidity. The severity of the clinical manifestation depends on the nature of the foreign body, site and degree of obstruction and duration of foreign body retention in the tracheobronchial tree.[3] Clinically, these patients may present with a history of choking episodes, sudden onset cough and respiratory distress. Other clinical symptomatology includes wheezing, decreased breath sounds, stridor, unilateral collapse, hyperinflation of the lung and recurrent pneumonia. Sometimes, the diagnosis may be delayed due to several factors such as atypical history, absence of witnessed choking, lack of awareness among parents about the significance of the conditions, lack of experience among physicians, etc. Delayed diagnosis can lead to complications such as recurrent pneumonia, bronchiectasis, emphysema and even death.[4] The present study aims to present our experience in managing tracheobronchial foreign body with delayed presentation presenting at a Tertiary Care Hospital.
Materials and Methodology
The present study is a retrospective hospital record-based analysis of 17 pediatric patients who presented to (All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur) with a tracheobronchial foreign body. We reviewed patients who presented to us from January 2017 until February 2020. The patients included in the present study were those patients in whom there was not a clear-cut history of foreign body aspiration. Patients until the age of 16 years old were included in the study.
From hospital records, we collected various data like age, gender, presenting complaints, the period between probable aspiration and diagnosis. We also collected the preoperative imaging and diagnostic bronchoscopy details (if performed). Intraoperative findings including the site of obstruction, presence of granulations, type of foreign body, the post-operative need of mechanical ventilation and duration of hospital stay were also noted.
Most of the patients were referred to the Department of Otorhinolaryngology from the Department of Pediatrics. We also have included doctor-related factors in the study, such as surgical technique, anesthesia technique and use of optical forceps. Some of the patients were evaluated with flexible diagnostic bronchoscopy, as the physician was not sure of the diagnosis. All patients underwent rigid bronchoscopy and foreign body removal under general anesthesia.
Results
There was no gender predominance. Eleven patients were in the age range between 1 and 5 years old. The majority of the patients had a foreign body in the right bronchus (70.5%) as compared with the left bronchus (23.5%). Only one patient had a foreign body at the carina. A total of 58.8% of the patients had a delayed presentation with a history of > 1 week, and 44.4% of the patients after 1 month. History of choking was present in 76.4% of the cases, which was extracted after the diagnosis. The majority of the foreign bodies was a vegetative foreign body (41%, supari). One-fourth of the patients had presented with respiratory distress.
A total of 95% of the patients required a flexible bronchoscopy assessment for diagnosis, since their history was inadequate. All patients underwent high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the thorax before the procedure to confirm the position of the foreign body. High resolution computed tomography of the thorax with the reconstruction of the airway is very helpful in identifying the location and to see associated lung changes, for example, Lobar collapse, empyema, consolidation, hyperinflation. We can point out the foreign body in HRCT of the thorax, which will help us to plan intraoperatively. ([Fig. 1]) One patient presented with lobar collapse and bronchial stenosis too. [Table 1] highlights the epidemiological and clinical features of the patients included in the present study.
Table 1
Epidemiological and clinical features of patients with tracheobronchial foreign bodies presented to us
|
Age (years old)
|
|
< 1
|
1(5.8%)
|
|
1–5
|
11(64.7%)
|
|
> 5
|
5(29.4%)
|
|
Total
|
17
|
|
Gender
|
|
Male
|
9(52.9%)
|
|
Female
|
8(47.1%)
|
|
Symptoms
|
|
Dry cough
|
11/17 (64.7%)
|
|
Respiratory Distress
|
9/17 (52.9%)
|
|
Fever
|
7/17(41.17%)
|
|
Noisy Breathing
|
5/17 (29.4%)
|
|
Witnessed choking
|
3/17 (17.6%)
|
|
Lethargy
|
1/17(5.88%)
|
|
Retention Time[*]
|
|
< 24 hours
|
1(5.9%)
|
|
1 day to 7 days
|
5(29.4%)
|
|
7 days to 1 month
|
3(17.6%)
|
|
> 1 month
|
8(47%)
|
|
Associated Chest Finding
|
|
Differential breath sounds
|
17/17(100%)
|
|
Differential chest movements
|
15/17(88.2%)
|
|
Radiology Findings
|
|
Lobar Collapse
|
9/17 (52.9%)
|
|
Hyper inflation
|
10/17 (58.8%)
|
|
Consolidation
|
12/17 (70.5%)
|
* Retention time is calculated as the time of suspected foreign body aspiration until the presentation to us.
Fig. 1 Showing high resolution computed tomography of the thorax in coronal and axial cuts (Lung window) with probable site of foreign body (marked with red arrow).
All patients underwent rigid bronchoscopy and foreign body removal under general anesthesia. The patients were oxygenated before the procedure and put in intermittent apnea. Foreign bodies were visualized and removed using the optical grasping forceps by an experienced Otorhinolaryngologist. ([Fig. 2]) We noted granulations around the foreign body in 58.8% of the patients. [Table 2] emphasizes the intraoperative findings.
Table 2
Intraoperative findings in patients with tracheobronchial foreign body
|
Serial No.
|
Intra operative findings
|
Number (percentage)
|
|
1
|
Foreign body found in
|
|
Right Bronchus
|
12
|
|
Left Bronchus
|
5
|
|
2
|
Foreign body
|
|
Supari/betel nut
|
7 (41.1%)
|
|
Peanut
|
4 (23.5)
|
|
Ground nut
|
3 (17.6%)
|
|
Plumseed
|
1 (5.9%)
|
|
Coconut
|
1 (5.9%)
|
|
Non-Organic
|
1 (5.9%)
|
|
3
|
Intra operative granulations
|
|
Present
|
10 (58.8%)
|
|
Absent
|
7 (41.2%)
|
Fig. 2 Intraoperative images showing the removal of the foreign body using optical forceps and postclearance images. We can also see the foreign body (1*1cm)
None of the patients required mechanical ventilation postoperatively. The average hospital stay was noted to be 3.52 days.
Discussion
Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration in the pediatric population can present with varying symptoms, ranging from a mild cough to severe respiratory distress and even death. Due to delay in the diagnosis, there is significant morbidity in this population. In our study, we noted that > 70% of patients were < 5 years old, which was in agreement with other series reported.[5]
[6] Extracting the history from parents plays a crucial role in the diagnosis. Atypical history from the parents often misleads the doctors.
The most common foreign body encountered in our series is organic. Betel nut was the most frequent one among our set of cases. Being organic and due to delayed presentation, it was always a challenge to remove these foreign bodies. The most common foreign body seen is peanut among the vegetative, but may differ from region to region.[7] These differences are mainly due to cultural and social habits in different places.
Diagnostic delays and misdiagnosis are not uncommon. Atypical history from patients often mislead the doctors in making a diagnosis. Foreign body aspiration may mimic other respiratory conditions like asthma, recurrent pneumonia and bronchiolitis. Other common symptoms are fever, chronic cough, wheeze and respiratory distress. The clinician should keep suspicion of foreign body aspiration, especially when a child presents with unilateral lung pathology. The doctor's ability to elicit the history of choking is essential, as it may predict the possibility of foreign body aspiration. Barrios et al. suggested to do bronchoscopy in all children with acute onset respiratory distress, who present with a history of choking.[8] The most common symptom in our series was cough, which was in agreement with the literature.[9]
A total of 58.8% of the patients presented after 7 days of the suspected day of aspiration. On reviewing the literature, between 2 and 23% of the patients present after 1 month.[8]
[10] In our series, 44.44% of the patients presented after 1 month.
The retained bronchial foreign body can lead to complications like pneumonia, bronchiectasis, lung abscess and consolidation.[8] All patients with delayed presentation had a history of multiple admission at different hospitals, and the majority of the time were treated as a case of bronchopneumonia. One patient who presented to us after 1 year had pleural effusion for which intercoastal drainage was performed.
A total of 95% of the patients underwent flexible bronchoscopy, which helped the diagnosis. Flexible bronchoscopy helped not only to identify the level of the foreign body, but also in assessing the tracheobronchial mucosa.
The role of imaging is also critical in tracheobronchial foreign body diagnosis.[11] High resolution computed tomography of the thorax was performed in all cases to ascertain the location of the foreign body. In the majority of the times, HRCT had led to the suspicion of tracheobronchial foreign body, which also aided us to confirm the position of the foreign body. We noted that consolidation and hyperinflation were the most common findings. In the case of chronic foreign body aspiration, which is seen in delayed presentation, severe airway inflammation and granulation formation lead to complications.
It is important to note that the management of tracheobronchial foreign bodies requires multiple specialties, including Otorhinolaryngologists, anesthesiologist and pediatric physician. Planning of the definitive management involves the teamwork of these specialties.
The definitive management strategy for tracheobronchial foreign body is rigid bronchoscopy under general anesthesia. In cases where there is a dilemma in diagnosis due to the atypical and long-standing history, there are chances of getting a negative bronchoscopy. In our study, we were able to identify, locate and remove the foreign bodies in all 17 cases. Bronchoscopy findings varied among patients. In most of our delayed presentations, there were more granulation formation and pus discharge at the site of foreign body impaction. Removal of granulation tissue leads to bleeding, which obscures the field. One of our patients had bronchial stenosis due to long term retention of the foreign body. The foreign body was visualized below the stenotic segment. (as seen in [Fig. 3]).
Fig. 3 Showing the stenotic segment (Blue arrow) in the intermediate bronchus in a patient with delayed presentation.
The technique of foreign body removal also played a key role. All foreign bodies were removed with the aid of optical grasping forceps. All the instruments and endoscope have to be checked and arranged on a tray. ([Fig. 4]) We used to practice with instruments prior to the procedure with gauze piece or syringe caps, to ensure the grasp of instruments. With the help of optical forceps, foreign bodies were better visualized and hence aided the management without any complications. While removing the foreign body, the rigid bronchoscope was held much more proximal, preferably at the level of the carina, to avoid injury to the bronchus.
Fig. 4 Showing the instruments including bronchoscope and optical forceps system used during the procedure.
In all 17 cases, bronchoscopy and foreign body removal were successful without any complications. All patients were managed postoperatively with I/V antibiotics, nebulization and other supportive treatment.
Conclusion
In our experience, delayed presentations of lower airway foreign body aspiration were always associated with mild to severe form of complications. Whenever a child presents with respiratory symptoms that do not improve with usual medications, the clinician should have a high index of suspicion. We should be more vigilant in history taking and clinical examination. Preoperative planning, multidisciplinary teamwork, surgeon expertise and technique are the key factors in avoiding complications in the definitive management. A high index of suspicion and early intervention is needed to prevent complications.
