Keywords
COVID-19 - hospitalist - training - electronic health record
Background and Significance
Background and Significance
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created a worldwide surge in acutely ill patients requiring inpatient medical care.[1]
[2] Hospital systems are working quickly to increase their physical capacity to accommodate these patients even as they expand their frontline workforce of clinicians to care for them.[3]
[4]
[5] The workforce supply problem is exacerbated by clinicians falling ill with the disease itself.[6]
[7] The physician shortage has led to calls for assistance from medical professionals who do not currently practice inpatient medicine[8] including ambulatory clinicians, procedural specialists, and retired physicians. Systems have been developed for the emergency credentialing and privileging of available medical professionals[9] and national societies are working to match volunteer clinicians to facilities where they are needed most.[10] Unfortunately, hospital disaster management plans have traditionally focused on the organization of emergency and surgery personnel and not on the rapid training of a large hospitalist workforce.[11] Thus, programs to rapidly train and support volunteer clinicians in the care and management of inpatients are needed but lacking.[12]
A significant challenge with any rapid inpatient clinician onboarding program is the complexity of the system-based practice of hospital medicine. Previous work pointing to the risks of introducing clinicians into new work environments has demonstrated that while clinicians may recognize the appropriate next steps to take in a clinical situation, they often lack the knowledge and skills necessary to take action in an unfamiliar environment.[13] Likewise, attention that would normally be given to clinical care must be diverted to navigating otherwise routine workflows.[13] In the absence of effective guidance, clinicians will resort to trial and error.[13] However, when resource guides are readily available, clinicians demonstrate better adherence to standardized processes that can improve efficiency and effectiveness.[14]
One platform that inpatient clinicians use to support communication, clinical documentation, and clinical decision-making is the electronic health record (EHR). However, there are significant challenges in training large numbers of clinicians in a short period of time to both use the EHR in an inpatient setting and manage hospitalized patients. Historically, clinicians have found it difficult to absorb the details of a training all at once[15] and have benefitted more from on-the-job support than pre-go-live training.[16]
[17] Typically, the large-volume EHR onboarding that would occur during a hospital system go-live requires months of preparation and significant training resources.[18]
[19]
We believed that a training resource on the use of the inpatient EHR and associated workflows delivered within the EHR could solve these challenges. Our physician informatics team moved quickly to build an innovative training resource that is concise, scalable, easily adaptable, and available on demand. In doing so, we hoped to create a safer practice environment and reduce the stress experienced by ambulatory-based clinicians by better preparing them for inpatient service.
Setting and Participants
UCHealth University of Colorado Hospital is an academic tertiary care hospital in Aurora, Colorado. At baseline, it has 690 beds and is staffed by approximately 100 hospitalist clinicians dedicated to inpatient medicine and 50 clinicians who specialize in critical care medicine. To meet the anticipated demand for acute care during the COVID-19 outbreak, the hospital expanded its capacity to 928 beds while simultaneously increasing medical bed availability by cancelling elective surgeries.
The offices of 338 primary care clinicians in the UCHealth system are located within 20 miles of the main hospital. Clinicians specialize in general internal medicine (GIM), family medicine, geriatric medicine, or medicine-pediatrics. All ambulatory clinicians are trained on the same instance of the EHR (Epic Systems, Verona, Wisconsin), but most are trained only on the ambulatory module. In preparation for a possible transition to an inpatient role, primary care clinicians were surveyed about the last time they worked on an inpatient service, procedures they felt comfortable performing, and the level of patient acuity with which they felt comfortable.
Methods
To provide a core resource for the onboarding program, the project team (comprised of two clinician informaticists and four hospital-based providers) created a training manual that detailed the typical responsibilities of an inpatient clinician, including receiving sign-out, prerounding, rounding, billing, participating in multidisciplinary rounds, utilizing appropriate communication channels, and arranging admissions, transfers, and discharges (see [Supplementary Appendix A], available in the online version). The manual also described different clinical team structures, including those comprised only of a single physician and those that incorporate residents and/or advanced practice providers (e.g., nurse practitioners or physician assistants). Clinical advice regarding high-yield inpatient topics was included as were hyperlinks to COVID-19-specific treatment information, which was still evolving.
When the training manual narrative described an inpatient workflow that took place solely in the EHR, a screenshot of the EHR was included to orient clinicians. Short (2–3 minutes) videos presenting live demonstrations of each major EHR workflow was embedded with links into the training manual to further explain the process. Each video could be paused and re-watched to facilitate learning at the pace and convenience of the individual clinician. All videos were scripted, recorded, and narrated by inpatient physician informaticists and produced in conjunction with the UCHealth information technology training team. The document and its contents were shared with nonauthor inpatient and outpatient clinicians during development for feedback on clarity and accuracy and to identify content gaps.
In addition to the training manual, an end-to-end demonstration of the inpatient workflow using the EHR was developed and delivered as a 45-minutes didactic session during a teleconferenced GIM grand rounds, which was video recorded and made available for on-demand viewing by volunteer clinicians.
The delivery systems for the training manual and the didactic session were unique. The training manual with links to associated videos were stored on a server that was securely accessible throughout the organization. Although a hyperlink to this document was e-mailed to clinicians with upcoming inpatient service dates, concerns were raised that clinicians might have trouble finding the hyperlink while on the inpatient service, which would limit the manual's benefit. Therefore, to better accommodate clinical workflow, hyperlinks to the manual were built within the EHR itself. These hyperlinks were accessible in the EHR in two ways: as a static hyperlink and an on-demand hyperlink. The static hyperlink was located on the common landing page of the EHR and when clicked, opened a new internet browser window outside of the EHR that displayed the document ([Fig. 1]). The on-demand hyperlink was summoned by the user from inside a patient note and opened the document within the EHR user interface itself ([Fig. 2]). Utilizing three different types of hyperlinks (e-mail, static, and on-demand) improved the accessibility of the training materials to clinicians in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. Further, because the hyperlink directed providers to a centrally stored document, the content of the document could be easily edited to reflect clinical and policy changes without disrupting clinicians' workflows in accessing the document.
Fig. 1 The table of contents of the educational document as viewed from a pop-up browser window launched from inside the EHR. EHR, electronic health record.
Fig. 2 The table of contents of the educational document as viewed in the EHR from an on-demand hyperlink (red square) summoned by the user from inside a patient note. In this example, the note is otherwise blank. The red arrow indicates that the educational document was triggered by the hyperlink.
Results
Our institution has been fortunate in that we have not yet needed to enlist the support of outpatient clinicians for inpatient service. Thus, the need for this tool has remained low and specific use metrics are unavailable. However, because our system prepared for the first peak of COVID-19 inpatients in April 2020, the training manual was accessed within our institution 261 times by 167 unique users as ambulatory-based clinicians anticipated being called into inpatient service. When shared on social media sites, the manual received over 1,000 views. Training manual access will be actively tracked as we anticipate the next wave of infections and hospitalizations.
Discussion
We built a multimedia, on-demand training module to rapidly prepare volunteer, ambulatory-based clinicians for inpatient service during the COVID-19 pandemic. This work is important given the expanded need for inpatient clinicians at many institutions and the desire for education stemming from ambulatory-based clinicians embarking on an unfamiliar workflow. Our innovation lies in the comprehensive delivery system of teleconferencing education, e-mail hyperlinks, workflow-appropriate static hyperlinks, and on-demand hyperlinks available throughout the EHR. Combined with our multimedia onboarding manual which utilizes text, pictures, and embedded videos, this project is novel and valuable. During a period of uncertainty in which there was an urgent need for information, this approach enabled our institution to alert clinicians to the presence of the training materials and allowed them highly-available access to these documents before, and importantly, during their service on an as-needed basis.
There was concern that information could quickly become outdated given the fluidity of the situation.[20] Using hyperlinks pointed at the training document allowed us to update the information rapidly and seamlessly as needed in a central location without disturbing access or needing to deliver modified versions. This ensured that material delivered to clinicians was always up to date and allowed us to quickly fill any identified informational gaps.
Our project has several limitations. The training materials were developed and deployed for use at a single hospital. The content will need to be adapted to specific workflows and the needs of outpatient physicians at other hospitals within our system. Hospitals external to our system using our training materials as templates may additionally have to adjust the content to reflect different EHR implementations. While initial clinician feedback has been very positive, there has been no formal usage data or end user feedback collected at this point. We anticipate tracking usage statistics and adjusting the tools as the pandemic evolves.
Conclusion
Given an immediate and unexpected need, our group was able to produce an innovative, comprehensive training document and implement strategic mechanisms of delivery to a targeted audience in a very short period of time. We intend that this novel, efficient, accessible, and practical method of preparing ambulatory-based physicians to assume inpatient responsibilities will ultimately improve clinical care and clinician performance while also reducing clinician stress levels. Although developed for an acute circumstance, lessons from this implementation may also lead to reexamination of routine on-boarding practices. We hope that these tools will provide a helpful foundation for our future projects and to other organizations during the COVID-19 pandemic and other prolonged surges in patient volumes.
Clinical Relevance Statement
Clinical Relevance Statement
As the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic progresses, outpatient clinicians will be needed to supplement inpatient team but they may lack training regarding inpatient workflow and information system use. This article describes how a comprehensive, multimedia help document, accessible at multiple points in the workflow, was created to facilitate clinician training either in advance of service or “just-in-time.”
Multiple Choice Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
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When presented with an unclear path in an unfamiliar workflow, clinicians are most likely to[13]:
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Call a helpline for guidance.
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Resort to trial and error.
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Ask a colleague more familiar with the workflow for advice.
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Ask nonclinical staff for help.
Correct Answer: The correct answer is option b.
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When presenting information to clinicians, the best course is to make the information available through:
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Multiple avenues pointing to a single source.
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A single avenue pointing to multiple sources.
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Multiple avenues pointing to multiple sources.
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A single avenue pointing to a single source.
Correct Answer: The correct answer is option a.
