Keywords
abdominal wall - hernias - hernia surgery - rural setup - India
An abdominal wall hernia is an abnormal protrusion of a peritoneal-lined sac through the musculo-aponeurotic covering of the abdomen.[1] The most common variety is groin hernias, of which inguinal hernias (direct and indirect) are far more common than femoral hernias. Hernias of the abdominal wall are quite common, having a prevalence of 1.7% for all ages and 4% for those older than 45 years.[2] Hernias of the inguinal region account for 75% of abdominal wall hernias, with a lifetime chance of 27% in males and 3% in females.[2] More than 20 million hernias are estimated to be repaired all over the world every year. The other varieties are umbilical, paraumbilical, epigastric, incisional, and rarer ones like Spigelian and traumatic hernias. The inguinal hernia has a male preponderance, while femoral hernias are more common in females. Common in the pediatric age group is indirect inguinal and umbilical hernias. Symptomatology is usually suggestive, and clinical examination is the mainstay of diagnosis. However, some hernias may need radioimaging for diagnosis. Mesh repair is the preferred method of repair due to decreased recurrence rates, but herniorrhaphy is a cost-effective method of choice for many patients. Herniotomy and Mayo's repair are the procedures of choice in pediatric patients. Laparoscopic surgery has become more common due to low postoperative morbidity and early return to work but is not very cost-effective in rural setups.
The problem with developing countries, especially in their rural population, is medical ignorance, cost restraints, and social inhibitions. Delayed presentations add to postoperative morbidity and mortality. The aims are to train the residents in surgical units and to perform the most cost-effective surgeries with minimum morbidity, ensuring early return to work for these patients. Simultaneous efforts are required to conduct area-wise surveys, educating the masses, and cutting down on expenses, thereby making an early diagnosis and providing the best techniques available to these strata of society.
Our aims in this study were to assess the clinical burden and profile of hernia patients in a rural medical college and to describe our experience in managing them.
Methodology
This rural district has an area of approximately 6,310 km2 and a population of around 15 lakhs with Asian ethnicity. As much as 76% of the total population is rural, with 42% of the population living below the poverty line. There are only two teaching medical college hospitals (tertiary care centers) serving this area. This was a retrospective study conducted at our rural medical college at Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, which is a tertiary medical care center situated in the central part of India. It is a trust-run hospital with aid being received from the government. It is based on self-paying with minimum charges due to government and state funding.
All the patients of external abdominal wall hernias who attended the different surgical sections from December 1, 2011, to December 1, 2013, were included in the study. A proforma was designed and relevant details were collected from the hospital information statistics and clinical records of the patients seen during these 2 years. Surgery is performed by general surgeons along with surgical officers who are also well-versed in laparoscopic surgeries. Due to a lack of pediatric surgeons at this setup, the pediatric hernias are also managed by general surgeons. Data included the sociodemographic information, presentation details, comorbid conditions, choice of anesthesia and surgical procedures along with their outcomes and follow-up details,
The obtained data were analyzed using frequency distribution, percentages, range, mean, tables, and charts to obtain the results. Statistical tests were performed to relate the relevance as was felt necessary.
Results
The study was performed by retrospective analysis of data on all anterior abdominal wall hernias in our hospital, a tertiary care hospital with an attached medical college in a rural setup, which is the first of its kind in the country.
The total surgical outpatient attendance during this period of two years was of 90,056. A total of 910 (10.10%) of these patients had anterior abdominal wall hernias. A total of 816 patients presented themselves for surgery. Groin hernias accounted for 80% of the lot, while incisional hernias (10%), umbilical/paraumbilical (5%), epigastric (4%), and rare hernias (1%) mad up the rest ([Fig. 1]).
Fig. 1 Different types of hernias.
The male (728) to female (88) ratio was 9:1 in adults and 4:1 (67:16) in children. The median age among adults was 49 years (range: 14–95 years), and among the pediatric age group, it was 7 years (range: 3 months–14 years) ([Fig. 2]).
Fig. 2 Age-wise frequency of presentation.
Predisposing factors in a majority of the patients were chronic cough 449 (55%), prostatic problems in 187 (23%), chronic constipation in 163 (20%), previous surgeries in 82 (10%), obesity in 10 (1.2%), and ascites in 9 (1.1%) ([Table 1]). In females, additional factors of multiparity in 50 (6.1%) and transabdominal gynecological surgeries in 32 (4.0%) patients were observed. In pediatric and young adults, the preperitoneal sac in 79 (89%), excessive crying and weak musculature attributed to 21 (25%), and chronic respiratory infections in 19 (23%) were the predisposing factors discernable.
Table 1
Predisposing factors and co-morbid conditions
|
I. Predisposing Factors
|
Male (728)
|
Female (88)
|
Total (n = 816)
|
%age
|
|
Excessive crying (in children)
|
17
|
4
|
21/83
|
25
|
|
Chronic resp. infections (in children)
|
15
|
4
|
19/83
|
23
|
|
Pre-peritoneal sac
|
203
|
15
|
218
|
26.7
|
|
Strenuous exercises
|
80
|
2
|
82
|
10
|
|
Chronic cough/smoking
|
400
|
49
|
449
|
55
|
|
Bladder outlet obstruction
|
186
|
2
|
188
|
23
|
|
Chronic constipation
|
81
|
82
|
163
|
20
|
|
Previous surgeries
|
48
|
34
|
82
|
10
|
|
Obesity
|
2
|
8
|
10
|
1.2
|
|
Ascites
|
3
|
6
|
9
|
1.1
|
|
Multiparity
|
0
|
50
|
50
|
6.1
|
|
II. Comorbidity
|
Male
|
Female
|
n
= 816
|
%age
|
|
Hypertension
|
152
|
60
|
212
|
26
|
|
Diabetes
|
85
|
70
|
155
|
19
|
|
Chronic airway disorders
|
400
|
49
|
449
|
55
|
|
Cardiac problems
|
108
|
55
|
163
|
20
|
|
Obesity
|
4
|
6
|
10
|
1.2
|
|
Chronic renal disorders
|
2
|
1
|
3
|
0.36
|
|
Chronic liver disorders
|
4
|
1
|
5
|
0.61
|
Comorbid conditions encountered were hypertension in 212 (26%), diabetes in 155 (19%), chronic airway disorders in 449 (55%) cardiac problems in 163 (20%), obesity in 10 (1.2%), chronic renal failure in 3 (0.36%), and liver disorder in 5 (0.61%) ([Table 1]).
Of 816 operations, 24 (2.9%) had recurrent hernias and 83 (10.17%) were pediatric patients, mostly congenital inguinal and epigastric. Most of our study patients had normal build and only 10 (1.2%) cases of obesity were recorded. The bilateral hernia was seen only in 56 (6.56%) patients. As much as 73% of the hernias were acquired, of which 74% were incomplete and approximately 84% were indirect. Cough impulse and reducibility were seen in approximately 75% of the patients with hernias.
Surgeries performed were subject to the type of hernia. Open Lichtenstein's repair was performed in the majority of inguinal hernias, followed by Bassini's repair. Open Meshplasty or Lap Meshplasty was the surgery of choice for umbilical, epigastric, incisional, and recurrent hernias, depending on the affordability of the patient. Pediatric inguinal hernias underwent herniotomy. Pediatric and few adult hernias were repaired with Mayo's procedure. Mesh was avoided in children. Laparoscopic surgery was performed in only 51 (6.25%) patients ([Table 2]).
Table 2
Types of hernia, symptomatology, surgeries performed, and their complications
|
S. No.
|
Types of hernia
|
n = 816
|
Clinical features
|
Method of repair
|
Complications
n = 66 (8.0% of patients)
|
|
1.
|
Direct inguinal hernia
|
n = 349 (42.8%)
|
Elderly
Reducible inguinal swelling
|
Lap-Hernioplasty
Lichtenstein's repair
|
1. Hematoma/seroma
10 (1.2%)
2. Wound infection and dehiscence
20 (2.4%)
3. Scrotal Hematoma
6 (0.7%)
4. Mesh extrusion/ removal
2 (0.24%)
5. Nerve entrapment & pain
20 (2.4%)
6. Recurrence
6 (0.73%)
7. Mortality
2 (0.24%)
|
|
2.
|
Indirect inguinal hernia
|
n = 252 (30.9%)
|
Children, young adults > elderly
Reducible/partially reducible
irreducible
Pain
|
Bassini's repair
Lichtenstein's repair
Lap hernioplasty
|
|
3.
|
Femoral hernia
|
n = 4 (0.4%)
|
Irreducible
Pain
Obstructed
|
Lotheissen's repair
Lap-hernioplasty
|
|
4.
|
Epigastric hernia
|
n = 33 (4%)
|
Epigastric bulge
Irreducible/partially reducible
Pain
|
Anatomical repair
Meshplasty
|
|
5.
|
Umbilical hernia
|
n = 25 (3%)
|
Bulge
Reducible/irreducible
Obstructed
|
Meshplasty
Mayo's repair
|
|
6.
|
Paraumbilical hernia
|
n = 16 (2%)
|
Bulge
Irreducible/reducible
|
Meshplasty
Mayo's repair
|
|
7.
|
Incisional hernia
|
n = 82 (10%)
|
Previous surgery
Bulge
Reducible/partially reducible
Irreducible
Pain
|
Meshplasty
Lap-hernioplasty
|
|
8.
|
Spigelian hernia
|
n = 3 (0.35%)
|
Bulge
Reducible
|
Meshplasty
|
|
9.
|
Traumatic hernia
|
n = 5 (0.65%)
|
Bulge
H/o trauma
Occasional pain
|
Meshplasty
|
Morbidity was mainly due to wound infection in 20 (2.4%). Long-term morbidity was due to chronic pain in 20 (2.4%) patients. Recurrence was documented only in 6 (0.7%) cases who reported back within a year ([Table 2]). The exact figures could not be quoted as long-term follow-up was not feasible.
A total of 163 (20%) patients were operated in emergency and had presented with irreducibility and pain. Strangulation was present in 5 (0.61%) patients requiring resection anastomosis. Mortality occurred in 2 (0.24%) patients operated in an emergency; one had a perforation of a gangrenous segment in the scrotum, presenting very late with Fournier's gangrene, and the second, who had cirrhosis with a strangulated umbilical hernia and skin excoriations, succumbed postoperatively.
Other surgeries were performed simultaneously in 130 (16%) patients, with the most common being opposite side hernia ([Table 3]).
Table 3
Simultaneous surgeries performed
|
S. No
|
Simultaneous surgeries performed
|
n = 130 (16.0%)
|
%
|
Diagnosis
|
Herniotomy/herniorrhaphy/hernioplasty
PLUS
|
|
1.
|
Hydrocele
|
18
|
13.8
|
Clinical/USG proven
|
Eversion of sac
|
|
2.
|
Undescended testis
|
7
|
5.4
|
Clinical/USG proven
|
Orchidopexy/orchidectomy
|
|
3.
|
Contralateral hernia
|
30
|
23
|
Examination findings
|
B/L hernia repair
|
|
4.
|
Inguinal + other hernias
|
17
|
13
|
Examination findings
|
Hernioplasty/Mayo's repair
|
|
5.
|
Bladder outlet obstruction
|
20
|
15.5
|
Urinary complaints
USG findings
|
TURP/OIU
|
|
6.
|
Hemorrhoids
|
10
|
7.7
|
Bleeding P/R
Proctoscopy
|
Hemorrhoidectomy
|
|
7.
|
Bowel gangrene
|
5
|
3.8
|
S/S of strangulation
|
Resection and anastomosis
|
|
8.
|
Cholelithiasis
|
5
|
3.8
|
USG proven
|
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
|
|
9.
|
Appendix in sac
|
4
|
3.2
|
Operative finding
|
Appendicectomy
|
|
10.
|
Gynecological procedures
|
14
|
10.8
|
Planned gynecological procedures
|
Gynecological surgeries
|
Abbreviations: OIU, optical internal urethrotomy; TURP, transurethral resection of the prostrate.
Discussion
This retrospective, observational study was done to look for the various etiological factors and clinical presentations of different varieties of abdominal wall hernia. It was also a complete profile study to learn the effect of various comorbidities, surgical options, and outcomes feasible in a rural setup. The study is from a tertiary care center located in rural India which has also begun with laparoscopic procedures for hernial repair.
In infants, hernias are attributed to preformed sacs, and it has been said that inguinal hernia is a disease of infants due to defect in the inguinal canal by some, while others have found a higher incidence of inguinal hernia in higher age groups. Our study demonstrated that inguinal hernia was seen with an increase in age but equally true is that there were many pediatric patients with congenital inguinal hernia also. Literature quotes the mean age of inguinal hernia to be 40 to 60 years.[3] Our experience was similar, and this age group leads to an economic burden on account of the productive age group being affected. In all age groups, males were more affected. Literature quotes a ratio of 20:1 in males as compared with females. However, femoral hernias, epigastric hernias, and incisional hernias are more common in females, who delay their presentation due to a variety of reasons. In the Indian rural population, the main reasons are their family responsibilities and inability to approach hospital care due to social inhibitions, fear of operative intervention, and the tendency to conceal their medical issues. Factors responsible in males are strenuous activities, chronic cough, and preformed sacs.[3]
[4]
[5] Even males tend to present late due to their fear of surgery and loss at work, causing financial burden on the family. These factors were comparable to other developing countries.[6]
[7]
[8]
The most common surgical procedure opted for was Lichtenstein's mesh repair technique, which is the simplest and has the advantage of being an open, tension-free repair with the least rates of recurrence.[3]
[9]
[10] For children, the choice was herniotomy with minimal postoperative complications. We performed laparoscopic repairs in 51 (6.25%) patients at our setup. The reason behind this choice is an early return to work, faster recovery, and decreased morbidities like nerve entrapment. The cost of the procedure was a cause of restraint in our patients; also, the time taken is more for laparoscopic procedures as compared with open and it matters, as the resultant time of anesthesia and affection of the time management of operating theater happens to be a major concern.
In our observational study, the complication rates were 8.0%, which is relatively less compared with 4.2% to as high as 12.4% as quoted by other series in the literature.[8] Our study had 86.8% of cases performed electively as compared with 61.5% cases in other series, and this could have been a probable factor for low complications.[8] Emergency surgeries performed on complicated hernias led to the mortality quoted, due to perforation and strangulation of the incarcerated bowel loop, thus proving the fact that neglect and late presentation results in dismal outcomes. The coexistent morbidities also add to the overall morbidity, as patients develop respiratory and cardiac complications that are difficult to manage postoperatively. Additional surgeries performed in our study did not add to either morbidity or mortality yet saved the patient the trauma of a second procedure, and we would recommend it unless it has a direct bearing on the healing process, like active infection and chances of contamination, which may then be contraindications to performing them simultaneously with a hernia repair.
Conclusion
Abdominal wall hernias are a common entity and account for approximately 10% of our total outpatient attendance. Most of the patients in our rural setting presented late, more than 2 years after developing the hernia and often with complications. Proper health awareness, especially among the rural population and females, is what is important and is advocated. Mesh repair is the standard procedure applicable to most of the population. A laparoscopic hernioplasty is best suited to these population groups, as it results in a lesser hospital stay and early return to work. Laparoscopy has a longer learning curve however and hence requires to be customized as per the need of the population, and reduction in its financial implications could be beneficial.
