Keywords
intestinal adenocarcinoma - immunohistochemistry - prognosis
Introduction
Gall bladder cancer (GBC) is the most common cancer of the biliary tract and ranks sixth among the gastrointestinal (GI) cancers.[1] It displays wide geographical and ethnical variations, with highest incidence being reported in the Mapuche people of Chile, followed by India, Eastern Asia and some Eastern and Central European countries.[2] It is associated with poor prognosis and low survival, attributed to the disease being in an advanced stage at presentation.[1]
[2]
[3] In advanced diseases, the median overall survival is less than 12 months even with palliative treatment.[4] In Chile and India, GBC occurs predominantly in females with gallstones, whereas in Eastern Asia, it is also equally common in men, and the association with gallstone being much weaker. Aflatoxin B1, which is found in the improperly stored foods in rural areas, has also been implicated to play a role in triggering the inflammation. Pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) (union of the common bile duct with the main pancreatic duct above the sphincter of Oddi) is yet another established risk factor. Increased expression of EGFR and HER-2/NEU has been noted in GBCs.
Several studies have been performed around the globe, examining the expression of these markers by these carcinomas.[5]
[6]
[7] EGFR is a protein kinase receptor which is involved in signal transduction, affecting various cellular activities such as metabolism, transcription, cell cycle progression, apoptosis and differentiation. Overexpression of receptors, gene amplification, and the loss of inhibitory signals are among the various mechanisms of increased EGFR activation, which results in phosphorylation of intracellular substrates downstream, leading to subsequent activation of mitotic pathways.[8] HER-2/NEU, a protein mostly present at the surface epithelium of large and septal bile ducts, is encoded by ERBB2 gene in humans. Overexpression of this gene product, which occurs in about one-fourth to two-thirds of the biliary tract carcinomas, may be used as a phenotypic marker for neoplastic transformation with a poor prognosis.[9]
In the present study, we assessed the expression of EGFR and HER-2/NEU in GBC, correlated the findings with the clinical parameters and histological tumor types, and evaluated the role of EGFR and HER-2/NEU as a prognostic marker and a likely indicator for targeted therapy of GBC.
Materials and Methods
It was a cross-sectional observational study performed in the Department of Pathology in collaboration with the Department of Surgery after obtaining the approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee. A total of 30 resected specimens of patients with GBC were selected over a study period of 24 months from November 2017 to November 2019. After processing the tissues, as per the standard procedure, hematoxylin and eosin stained sections were subjected to histopathological evaluation. Following the confirmation of GBC, histological grades and tumor subtypes were assigned ([Figs. 1]
[2]
[3]–[4]). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed for EGFR and HER-2/NEU in all cases. Four microns-thick sections were prepared from the formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue samples. Subsequently, they were stained with antibody against EGFR mouse monoclonal antibody Dako Clone: H 11 Lot no. AN7810616B, dilution: 1:100 for positive control of EGFR, normal endometrial tissue was utilized, and negative control was achieved by the omission of primary antibody in EGFR. Similarly, prepared sections were stained with antibody against HER-2 (polyclonal rabbit anti-human antibody directed against c-erbB-2 oncoprotein, Dako: Lot no. 20067288). For positive control of HER-2, breast carcinoma tissue was chosen, and negative control was achieved by the omission of primary antibody in HER-2.
Fig. 1 Photomicrograph showing intestinal variety of adenocarcinoma (×400) hematoxylin and eosin (H&E).
Fig. 2 Photomicrograph showing intestinal variety of adenocarcinoma (×400) hematoxylin and eosin (H&E).
Fig. 3 Photomicrograph showing mucinous variety of adenocarcinoma (×100) hematoxylin and eosin (H&E).
Fig. 4 Photomicrograph showing mucinous variety of adenocarcinoma (×400) hematoxylin and eosin (H&E).
Interpretation of Immunostaining
The interpretation of staining of EGFR and HER-2/NEU was reported as percentage of positive cells and intensity of staining. Cell membrane staining was used to assess positivity for EGFR and HER-2/NEU. EGFR intensity was scored from 0 to 3+ and the threshold for positivity was +1 staining intensity in 10% of tumor cells. ([Figs. 5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]–[10]).
Fig. 5 Photomicrograph showing strong membranous staining pattern of EGFR in poorly differentiated carcinoma (×100).
Fig. 6 Photomicrograph showing strong membranous staining pattern of EGFR in poorly differentiated carcinoma (×400).
Fig. 7 Photomicrograph showing strong membranous staining pattern of HER-2/NEU in well-differentiated carcinoma (×100).
Fig. 8 Photomicrograph showing strong membranous staining pattern of HER-2/NEU in well-differentiated carcinoma (×400).
Fig. 9 Photomicrograph showing EGFR moderate staining in mucinous carcinoma of gall bladder (×400).
Fig. 10 Photomicrograph showing HER-2/NEU mild staining in poorly differentiated carcinoma of gall bladder (×400).
The quantification of EGFR immunostaining was determined as shown in [Table 1].[10]
Table 1
Quantification of EGFR immunostaining
|
EGFR score
|
Positive cells
|
Staining intensity
|
|
0
|
< 10%
|
Faint/none
|
|
1+
|
> 10%
|
Weak
|
|
2+
|
≥ 10%
|
Moderate
|
|
3+
|
≥ 10%
|
Strong
|
The staining pattern for HER-2 was determined as shown in [Table 2]
[11]
Table 2
Interpretation of HER-2 immunostaining
|
Result
|
Criteria
|
|
Score 0
|
No staining observed.
|
|
Score 1+
|
Faint membrane staining in > 10% of tumor cells in part of cell membrane.
|
|
Score 2+
|
Weak to moderate incomplete membrane staining in over 1% of tumor cells.
|
|
Score 3+
|
Strong complete membrane staining in over 1% of tumor cells.
|
Statistical Analysis
All data were thoroughly tabulated on Microsoft Excel worksheet. Mean values with standard deviation were calculated for quantitative variables, whereas proportions represented qualitative variables. The Chi-square test was conducted to assess the correlation between the clinicopathological parameters and the IHC results. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 20.0 (IBM Inc.). Two-tailed p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results
In our series of 30 patients, 21 (70%) were females and 9 (30%) were males. Age ranged from 23 to 75 years, with mean age being 52.33 years. Fourteen (46.66%) presented with pain in the abdomen and 16 (53.33%) presented with jaundice. On radiological evaluation, 19 (63.33%) cases showed GB mass, 8 (26.66%) showed intraluminal mass, and 3 (10%) showed diffuse intramural thickening. Cholelithiasis was associated in 19 (63.33%) cases. Regarding the histological tumor type, 13 (45.35%) had intestinal type of adenocarcinoma, 7 (25.33%) had mucinous carcinoma, 7 (25.33%) had biliary carcinoma, 2 (6.66%) had poorly cohesive carcinoma, and 1 (3.33%) had adenosquamous carcinoma. Lymphovascular invasion was seen in 11 (36.66%) and perineural invasion in 18 (60%) patients.
With regard to the hormone receptor status, EGFR was positive in 28 (93.33%) of patients, out of which 5 (17.85%) were assigned with score 1, 14 (50%) with score 2, and 9 (32.15%) with score 3. HER-2/NEU was found to be positive in 17 (56.66%) patients, out of which 9 (52.94%) were assigned with score 1, 6 (35.29%) with score 2, and 2 (11.77%) with a score of 3. The correlations between EGFR expression and clinicopathologic parameters are summarized in [Table 3]. No significant correlation found between age group and EGFR expression, but a statistically significant correlation was found between histological tumor type (p = 0.000) and EGFR expression as well as between cholelithiasis (p = 0.033) and EGFR expression.
Table 3
Correlation between EGFR expression and clinicopathological parameters
|
Prognostic markers
|
EGFR expression
|
p-Value
|
|
n
|
3+
|
2+
|
1+
|
0
|
|
(n = 9)
|
(n = 18)
|
(n = 1)
|
(n = 2)
|
|
Age group
|
21–40
|
4
|
1
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0.168
|
|
41–60
|
19
|
8
|
10
|
1
|
0
|
|
|
61–80
|
7
|
0
|
5
|
0
|
2
|
|
|
Sex
|
Female
|
21
|
6
|
13
|
0
|
2
|
0.350
|
|
Male
|
9
|
3
|
5
|
1
|
0
|
|
|
Histological tumor type:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Intestinal
|
13
|
2
|
11
|
0
|
0
|
0.000
|
|
Biliary
|
7
|
2
|
3
|
0
|
2
|
|
|
Mucinous
|
7
|
3
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
|
|
Poorly cohesive
|
2
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
|
Adenosquamous
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
|
|
Cholelithiasis
|
Present
|
20
|
4
|
15
|
1
|
0
|
0.033
|
|
Absent
|
10
|
5
|
3
|
0
|
2
|
|
The correlations between HER-2/NEU expression and clinicopathological parameters are summarized in [Table 4]
. No significant correlation was found between HER-2 expr-ession and age group and between HER-2/NEU and sex. Cholelithiasis and HER-2 expression also showed no significant correlation. However, there was a statistically significant correlation between HER-2 expression and histological tumor type (p = 0.02). There was a statistically significant (p = 0.000) correlation between EGFR and HER-2/NEU expression too ([Table 5]).
Table 4
Correlation between HER-2/NEU expression and clinicopathological parameters
|
Prognostic parameters
|
HER-2/NEU expression
|
|
p-Value
|
|
n
|
3+
|
2+
|
1+
|
0
|
|
(n = 3)
|
(n = 9)
|
(n = 10)
|
(n = 8)
|
|
Age group
|
21–40
|
4
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
0.428
|
|
41–60
|
19
|
0
|
7
|
5
|
7
|
|
|
61–80
|
7
|
2
|
1
|
4
|
0
|
|
|
Sex
|
Female
|
21
|
3
|
5
|
4
|
9
|
0.674
|
|
Male
|
9
|
0
|
3
|
2
|
4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Histological tumor type:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Intestinal
|
13
|
1
|
7
|
3
|
2
|
0.021
|
|
Biliary
|
7
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
|
|
Mucinous
|
7
|
0
|
0
|
6
|
1
|
|
|
Poorly cohesive
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
|
|
Adenosquamous
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
|
|
Cholelithiasis
|
Present
|
20
|
1
|
8
|
7
|
4
|
0.208
|
|
Absent
|
10
|
2
|
1
|
3
|
4
|
|
Table 5
Correlation between EGFR and HER-2/NEU expression
|
EGFR
|
HER-2/NEU expression
|
p-Value
|
|
0
|
1+
|
2+
|
3+
|
|
(n = 13)
|
(n = 9)
|
(n = 6)
|
(n = 2)
|
|
0 (n = 2)
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
0.000
|
|
1+ (n = 5)
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
|
|
2+ (n = 14)
|
1
|
7
|
9
|
1
|
|
|
3+ (n = 9)
|
6
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
|
Discussion
In our study, the median age of presentation of GBC was 52.3 years. Similar results were observed in other studies.[12]
[13]
[14] In yet another study conducted by Chijiiwa et al, perineural invasion was found in 43% of cases and lymphovascular invasion in 68% of cases.[15] However, we found perineural invasion in 60% and lymphovascular invasion in 36.66% of patients, which was also nearly supportive to the previous studies.
To date, many studies have demonstrated the correlation of biomarkers associated with tumorigenesis and prognosis, which indicates that these markers may have complementary roles in improving the diagnosis and predicting the prognosis of cancers.[16] The identification of the risk of mortality and disease recurrence in cancer patients is critical for guiding surveillance and selecting adjunctive therapies. It has been reported that EGFR and HER-2/NEU expression are related to clinicopathological parameters in breast cancer and colonic cancer. Through our study, we found that EGFR and HER-2/NEU are not related to age and gender in GBC. As found by Hadi et al in their study, cholelithiasis is closely related to GBC.[17] We also found a significant correlation between EGFR expression in GBC and cholelithiasis.
Since the preceding years, the pathogenesis of GBC has become an important and a much concerned phenomenon and often highlights the involvement of major proto-oncogenes such as EGFR and HER-2/NEU.[18] In the management of GBC, several phase II trials have been performed, investigating the role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors like Erlotinib.[19]
[20]
[21] Therefore in this study, we have attempted to identify the immune expression of EGFR and HER-2 in 30 patients with GBC, assessing their correlation with the various clinicopathological parameters to understand their role in targeted therapy and significance in prognosis. Several studies from Europe, Asia and Australia have complemented this work by examining the level of expression of EGFR in biliary tumors ([Table 6]). These studies demonstrated a consistent and significant overexpression of EGFR in biliary tumors. In a study performed by Lee et al on IHC stains for EGFR on 13 GBC specimens from Australia, 100% of the GBC specimens were found to stain strongly positive for EGFR.[22] In this context, in yet another study performed by Kaufman et al in a series of 16 patients, 15 (93.75%) were noted to overexpress EGFR. In the present study, EGFR expression was found in 93.33% (28 patients), which is concordant to the previous studies.[23]
Table 6
Comparative studies on EGFR expression in biliary cancer
|
Study
|
n
|
Immunoreactivity
|
|
Lee et al22
|
Gall bladder–13, biliary duct–7
|
100%, 86%
|
|
Zhou et al5
|
Gall bladder–41
|
71%
|
|
Kaufmann et al23
|
Gall bladder–16
|
93.57%
|
|
Shafizadeh N et al25
|
Gall bladder
|
80%
|
|
Present study
|
Gall bladder
|
93.33%
|
In a study conducted by Viswanath et al, they found that advanced biliary tract malignancies show increased expression of EGFR.[24] Similarly, in the present study, we found that EGFR expression is more in poorly differentiated advanced tumors.
Thus, our study revealed that EGFR is a prognostic marker of aggressiveness in GBC.
Various studies have shown that HER-2 protein is variably amplified in 16 to 64% of GBCs.[25]
[26]
[27] In the present study, HER-2/NEU immunoreactivity was found to be positive in 56.66% of GBC cases. However, in a study conducted by Javle et al, HER-2/NEU overexpression was found in 8/9 (88.88%) of patients with GBC which, though of a much higher percentage than our study, still supports our result.28 Through their study, they have also concluded that targeted therapy against HER-2/NEU is a promising treatment strategy for GBC patients.
In a study conducted by Yoshida et al,[29] they found a significant patient population that can derive benefit from anti-HER-2 therapy by designing planned clinical trials based on preliminary IHC reports. HER-2 can be considered as a potential candidate for targeted therapy in GBC, as several drugs are now available that can successfully inhibit HER-2, as in cases of breast and gastric carcinoma. In a study conducted by Kiguchi et al, it was found that Lapatinib (anti-HER-2 agent), when combined with Gemcitabine, had a synergistic antiproliferative effect on a GBC cell line (TGBC1-TKB) in vitro.[30]
Therefore, in this study, we have attempted to identify the immune expression of EGFR and HER-2 in 30 patients with GBC, assessing their correlation with the various clinicopathological parameters to understand their role in targeted therapy and significance in prognosis.
Conclusion
Our study deals with the clinicopathological parameters and expression of RAS pathway molecules like EGFR and HER-2/NEU in GBC. The present study revealed that these molecules show significant expression in GBC, suggesting that significant interactions take place among the different members of ErbB family during the process of tumorigenesis. We analyzed the correlation of EGFR and HER-2/NEU expression in different histological subtypes of GBC and also with the clinicopathological parameters. We identified a significant subgroup of GBC cases in which targeted therapy may increase the survival of patients.
