JAAA CEU Program

The questions below refer to Wu et al, “Comparison of In-Situ and Retrospective Self-Reports on Assessing Hearing Aid Outcomes,” pages 746–762.

Learner Outcomes

Readers of this article should be able to:

• Explain what in-situ self-reports are, how they could be implemented, and their pros and cons

• Describe why in-situ self-reports are worth considering in audiology research

CEU Questions

1. Which one is not a disadvantage of retrospective self-reports (e.g., traditional paper-and-pencil questionnaires)?

   • Recall bias

   • Poor contextual resolution

   • Difficult to administer

2. In-situ self-reports differ from retrospective self-reports in that:

   • In-situ self-reports must be implemented using smartphones.

   • In-situ self-reports ask respondents to report their experiences during or shortly after the experiences.

   • In-situ self-reports ask respondents to report their experiences in a well-controlled laboratory.

3. Which one is incorrect:

   • Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) is a method used to collect in-situ self-reports.

   • EMA is only available in pencil-and-paper form.

   • EMA asks respondents to repeatedly report their experiences in their natural environments.

4. According to the Accessibility Model, respondents use what type of memory to answer in-situ self-reports?

   • Episodic memory

   • Semantic memory

   • Working memory

5. According to the Accessibility Model:

   • In-situ self-reports reflect what respondents actually experience, while retrospective self-reports reflect what respondents believe or remember.

   • Retrospective self-reports reflect what respondents actually experience, while in-situ self-reports reflect what respondents believe or remember.

   • Both in-situ and retrospective self-reports reflect what respondents actually experience.

6. According to the literature review by the authors, which hearing aid feature has a larger impact on hearing aid outcome?

   • High channel number

   • Expansion

   • Feedback suppression

7. Which of the following is not an outcome domain assessed by the Glasgow Hearing Aid Benefit Profile (GHABP)?

   • Hearing aid use

   • Quality of life

   • Hearing aid satisfaction

8. Order effects may cause new hearing aid users to:

   • Have no hearing aid preference.

   • Prefer the device they wore first.

   • Prefer the device most recently worn.

9. Which is least likely to be the reason why EMA is more sensitive than retrospective self-reports?

   • Data could be aggregated across multiple EMA surveys to reduce random variation.

   • Experiences tied to specific listening situations could be more accurately recalled in EMA surveys.

   • Technology such as smartphones can be used to administer EMA.

10. Limitations of EMA include:

    • Low respondent burden.

    • Sensitivity depends on the number of surveys that participants complete.

    • Ease of data analysis.

No conflict of interest has been declared by the author(s).

Publication History

Article published online:
20 April 2021