Keywords
Covid-19 - tracheostomy - ventilation - health care worker - PPE
Introduction
The purpose of the present article is to provide information about different aspects
of tracheostomy during the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic in terms of
indications, procedure, tube care and complications. Currently, in India, 4.16% of
Covid-19-positive patients are critically ill, requiring ventilator support.[1] The mortality rate among those patients is higher than 85%. The risk of viral transmission
versus the complications resulting from prolonging translaryngeal intubation should
be balanced. The present paper will serve as an essential scientific evidence guide
to healthcare workers (HCWs) who are susceptible to exposure to severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) during life-saving tracheostomy procedures. Many
guidelines have been made during the pandemic. The present paper aims to collect the
general guidelines and evidence on tracheostomy in the Covid-19 pandemic.
Materials and Methods
A literature search was performed with terms such as tracheostomy, tracheotomy, Covid-19, SARS-CoV2, tracheal intubation, percutaneous tracheostomy, surgical tracheostomy and guidelines in the PubMed, EMBASE, OVID, Scopus and Google Scholar databases. All articles were
scrutinized and shortlisted by the authors. The articles on guidelines and with data
on tracheostomy in Covid-19 patients were included in this manuscript.
Indications for Tracheostomy
Indications for Tracheostomy
The decision to perform tracheostomy in Covid-19 patients is taken by a multidisciplinary
team, which includes the anaesthesiologist, otorhinolaryngologist and physician in
charge. There is limited high-quality data to guide the optimal timing of tracheostomy
in these patients. Factors like availability of health resources, potential risks
and benefits to the individual patient and HCWs should be considered during the decision.[2]
Timing of Tracheostomy
Most guidelines suggest performing elective tracheostomy after a negative Reverse
Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test. It may not be optimal to wait
for a negative Covid-19 test before submitting the patient to tracheostomy. The University
of California, San Francisco (UCSF), Covid-19 Clinical Working Group recommends that
the tracheostomy should ideally be performed when the patient is Covid-19-negative
(the patients should have two negative Covid-19 PCR tests before surgery).[3] The Covid-19 Tracheostomy Task Force of the University of Pennsylvania Health System
recommends not to perform tracheostomy before 21 days of intubation, for prolonged
ventilation.[4] The exact timing of tracheostomy in Covid-19 patients is still unclear. After a
case-by-case multidisciplinary evaluation, considering the availability of hospital
resources, the clinical condition of the patient, and the need for tracheostomy, the
decision can be made.
Early tracheostomy is believed to decrease the need for sedation, to provide better
pulmonary toileting, and to promote early weaning, reducing the morbidity and mortality
of the patients.[5] However, the TracMan randomized trial[6] could not demonstrate any added benefits in performing early tracheostomy in patients
requiring prolonged ventilation. Most societies recommend postponing tracheostomy
beyond 2 to 3 weeks. Balancing the pros and cons, Mcgrath et al.[7] suggested considering tracheostomy in a window of 10 to 21 days. The current literature
does not support early tracheostomy, as it does not improve any clinical parameters;
instead, it can pose a high risk of Covid-19 infection to HCWs.[7]
Precautions to Be Taken During the Surgical Procedure of Tracheostomy[3]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
Precautions to Be Taken During the Surgical Procedure of Tracheostomy[3]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
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All tracheostomies should preferably be performed in intubated patients with complete
paralysis.
-
Awake tracheostomies should be discouraged to avoid the risk for HCWs, unless warranted.
-
In difficult airways, if intubation fails, supraglottic airway devices can be used
until a permanent airway is established.
-
The procedure should preferably be performed in an operating room with negative pressure
ventilation.
-
Preoperative planning with proper communication with the staff and anesthesiologist
should be performed.
-
All team members should get sensitized about the essential steps and precautions to
be taken during the procedure preoperatively.
-
The procedure must be performed by an experienced surgical team.
-
The number of team members in the operative room must be restricted. The roles of
each member should be well-defined.
-
A transparent interface can be used in addition to personal protective equipment (PPE)
to reduce the exposure.[16]
[Figs. 1] and [2] show the setup for tracheostomy. [Fig. 3] shows the minimum PPE requirement.
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The use of electrocautery should be minimized, as it may lead to aerosolization.
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Ventilation should be stopped just before the incision to the trachea.
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The time interval of discontinuity in the circuit should be minimized. This time interval
starts from the time of incision on trachea to the time circuit is connected to the
tracheostomy tube after inserting the tracheostomy tube.
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The Endotracheal tube should be clamped before withdrawal.
-
Open tracheostomies should be preferred to percutaneous tracheostomies. As multiple
sequential airway dilators are used in percutaneous tracheostomies and more chance
of airway manipulation is there, the risk for health care workers might be more in
comparison to open tracheostomies. Moreover, it may be challenging to execute percutaneous
tracheostomy in obese patients. There are more chances of injuring the tracheal wall
in percutaneous tracheostomy, as it is a blind procedure. The surgeon can select the
procedure as per their expertise.
-
An operating room with negative pressure ventilation can be designated close to the
Intensive Care Unit (ICU) to avoid contamination via transportation.
-
In case an awake tracheostomy is necessary, the procedure must be performed by an
experienced surgical team, under the presence of a critical care specialist, with
complete neuromuscular blockade at least before opening the stoma.
Fig. 1 Side view of the tracheostomy performed for a Covid-19-positive patient in a tracheostomy
box.
Fig. 2 Frontal view of the setup of the operating room setup for the tracheostomy.
Fig. 3 The minimum requirement regarding PPE: N95 mask (may be aided with an extra triple
layered mask as seen in the figure), fluid-resistant gown with hood (double gown),
face shield, goggles, and boot cover.
Posttracheostomy care[9]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[17]
Posttracheostomy care[9]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[17]
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The first tube change must be delayed as long as 14 days, unless warranted.
-
The tracheostomy tube should receive adequate care. An inline closed-system suctioning
should be used to avoid discontinuity in the circuit. Tube suctioning should be performed
at least once every two hours.
-
Any procedures for a tracheostomized Covid-19 patient should be performed after wearing
full PPE.
-
The tracheostomy tube should be changed while wearing the proper PPE despite the negative
Covid-19 status of the patient.
-
After every treatment, hand hygiene should be performed with soap and water or with
a handrub antiseptic solution containing ethanol and chlorhexidine.
-
If the patient is on a ventilator, it is advisable to sedate the patient, preferably
with a neuromuscular block. Thus, the risk of coughing and aerosol generation during
the tube change can be reduced.
-
Proper donning and doffing of the PPE should be followed, as well the protocols.
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All disposable material that is in contact with the patient must be disposed off properly.
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If possible, it is better to use a negative pressure room for tube care/change.
-
The availability of the tracheostomy box in addition to PPE for tube change is always
an adjunct.
Anesthesiologist's Perspective
Anesthesiologist's Perspective
The decision to perform a tracheostomy is taken by a common consensus of all the clinicians
taking care of the patient on long-term ventilation due to Covid-19. The aerosol generation
at the time of the procedure and during the removal of the endotracheal tube is maximum.
That is why we prefer to perform such procedures under sedation and paralysis. The
tracheostomy box designed to carry out the procedure seems to add to the safety of
HCWs. It provides extra protection during aerosol generation to both the anaesthesiologist
and otorhinolaryngologist, besides the use of the recommended PPE[18] (minimum of N95 mask, double gloves, impervious disposable gown with hood, goggles,
face shield, boot cover). Open tracheostomy is preferred, although percutaneous tracheostomy
is not contraindicated.[19] As the patient is received from the ward and taken to the operating room, all of
the safety checklists are performed. The patient is induced and maintained with anesthetic
agents along with complete muscle paralysis. The anesthesiologist holds the endotracheal
tube from the head-end side and even assists the surgeon during tracheostomy. As the
surgeon confirms the trachea is ready for insertion of the tube, the anaesthesiologist
pulls the endotracheal tube from the oral cavity after suctioning and deflation. After
attaching the anesthesia breathing circuit to the tracheostomy tube, the position
of tube is confirmed by looking for consistent capnography on the monitor. Depending
on the preprocedure status of the patient and the treatment plan, reversion of the
effects of the anesthetic agents and muscle relaxants may be performed.
Discussion
The debate on timing and indication for tracheostomy in critically-ill Covid-19 patients
is still ongoing, even after one year of pandemic. The many studies published until
now are retrospective analyses with contrasting results: some are in favor of early
tracheostomy, whereas others are not. The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Brimingham Covid-19
airway team conducted a prospective study on Covid-19 patients, and found that 30-day
survival rates were high among patients who were tracheostomized as compared with
those non-tracheostomized. They found that the ICU stay was relatively shorter among
tracheostomized patients.[20] In a retrospective analysis, Kwak et al.[21] found that the median length of stay among patients who underwent early tracheostomy
was shorter when compared with that of patients who underwent late tracheostomy. But
one surgeon involved in the procedures contracted the infection.
On the contrary, a study from Italy by Volo et al.[22] found that early tracheostomy, scores > 6 on the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment
(SOFA) and levels > 4 on the D-dimer are associated with an increased risk of death
in critically-ill Covid-19 patients. This study recommended to postpone tracheostomy
in critically-ill patients with SOFA scores > 6 and D-dimer levels > 4, and to consider
tracheostomy after 2 weeks. In a study conducted in Japan, Nishio N et al.[23] also recommended to consider tracheostomy after 2 to 3 weeks after tracheal intubation
in critically-ill patients.
None of the studies have balanced the long-term effects. However, more prospective
studies are required to establish the timing, indication, safety and efficacy of tracheostomy
in critically-ill Covid-19 patients.
Conclusion
Various precautions to be taken during tracheostomy and tracheostomy care have been
highlighted in the present article. The timing of tracheostomy in critically-ill Covid-19
patients is still unclear. As per the available literature pertaining to the timing
and indication, more prospective studies are required to establish the efficacy of
early tracheostomy in Covid-19 patients.
Summary of Important Points
Summary of Important Points
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It is better to delay the procedure until the RT-PCR test is negative.
-
The procedure must be performed in a controlled setting (negative pressure ventilation
room) with the team wearing PPE.
-
However, the risk and benefits to the patients and HCWs should be considered before
attempting tracheostomy.
-
Proper PPE should be worn for regular tracheostomy care (tube change, suctioning),
as these procedures are highly aerosol-generating.
-
The patient should be paralyzed during the tracheostomy and insertion of the tube
to reduce aerosol generation.
