Keywords
infective endocarditis - pediatrics - duke criteria - blood culture–negative infective endocarditis
Introduction
Infective endocarditis is an illness which still has a high rate of morbidity and mortality.[1] Population and hospital-based data show an estimated incidence of 1.5 to 11.6 per 100,000 people in the general population.[2] Compared with adults, infective endocarditis (IE) has a lower incidence and different epidemiological profile in children. Predisposing factors often associated with IE in adults, such as intravenous drug abuse and degenerative heart disease, are not common in children.[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8] Children with congenital heart disease (CHD), especially those with cyanotic heart disease, are at an increased risk for developing infective endocarditis.
The American Heart Association (AHA) draft statement in 2015 acknowledges quoting a recent multicenter report[9] that the annual incidence rate of IE in the United States was between approximately 0.05 and 0.12 cases per 1,000 pediatric admissions from 2003 to 2010. Also, it points toward an increasing overall frequency of endocarditis among children. It cites improved survival of at-risk children, such as those with CHD (with or without surgery) and hospitalized infants as a possible underlying cause.
There are differences in the epidemiological profile between the developed and developing countries. With the decline in the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease (RHD), IE has become relatively uncommon in this subset of patients in the developed world; in the past two decades, CHD has become the most important predisposing condition for IE in children aged 2 years and above.[10]
Improvement in health care has also contributed to the change in epidemiology of the disease in developing nations. On one hand, early surgical correction of CHD lesions (that were major risk factors for IE in the past) has changed the substrate for this disease. However, on the other hand, postoperative IE is a long-term risk after correction of complex CHD, especially in those with residual defects or in cases with previous corrective or palliative surgery, with or without implanted vascular grafts, patches, or prosthetic cardiac valves.[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
The situation is different in our country. Only a very small proportion of infants with CHD are fortunate enough to receive some form of palliation in India.[15] Thus this epidemiological factor may not be applicable in the Indian setting. There is limited data on pediatric IE from India. Therefore, we did this study to evaluate the predisposing factors, microbiological profile, complications, and mortality in pediatric infective endocarditis among a Northern Indian population.
Materials and Methods
This study was done in the department of pediatrics of a tertiary care teaching hospital of North India (Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences [ABVIMS] and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia [RML] Hospital, New Delhi). Retrospective data of pediatric cases (age <12 years) diagnosed as infective endocarditis (fulfilling modified Duke's criteria) and admitted during January 2013 to April 2019 was collected from all available medical records and reviewed. Records were checked in the admission register of pediatric cardiology division, as well as pediatric cardiology clinic. Files of cases labeled as infective endocarditis were retrieved and details of cases were obtained, including medical history, examination findings, echocardiographic records, blood culture reports, treatment, and the course of the disease. All patients who were discharged were followed-up periodically in the pediatric cardiology clinic and their details were recorded. These records were also reviewed for follow-up data. Ethical clearance was taken from the institutional ethical committee.
In our center, patients suspected to be suffering from infected endocarditis were subjected to at least three blood cultures by separate venepunctures on the first day. If no growth was observed by the second day of incubation, another two to three blood cultures were sent. BACTEC was used as the culture method in our hospital. In severely ill and unstable patients, three separate venepunctures for blood cultures were performed over a short period of 1 to 2 hours and empirical antibiotic therapy was initiated. Follow-up blood cultures were obtained in those with positive blood cultures to document microbiological clearance or to diagnose persistent bacteremia
Echocardiography evaluation was performed by a pediatric cardiologist on a Philips 11HDXE station.
Statistical Analysis
Data were recorded in a predesigned proforma and managed on an Excel spreadsheet. The statistical analysis consisted of calculating mean, range, and proportions. The data were analyzed by using the SPSS Statistics software.
Result
Infective endocarditis (IE) was diagnosed in 21 patients out of 47,170 pediatric admissions. CHD (61.9%), with a higher proportion of acyanotic heart disease, was the most common predisposing condition. However, six cases (28.5%) had no underlying structural heart disease. None of them had a central venous catheter as a possible source of IE. ([Table 1])
Table 1
Demographic data and underlying conditions children with infective endocarditis
|
Variable
|
Number (%)
n = 21
|
|
Male
|
13 (61.9)
|
|
Median age (mo)
Age <5 years
|
78
10 (47.6)
|
|
Without prior structural heart disease
|
6 (28.6)
|
|
Rheumatic heart disease
|
2 (9.5)
|
|
Congenital heart disease
|
13 (61.9)
|
|
Ventricular septal defect
|
6 (28.5)
|
|
Ventricular septal defect and atrial septal defect
|
1 (4.75)
|
|
Patent ductus arteriosus
|
1 (4.75)
|
|
Mitral valve prolapsed
|
1 (4.75)
|
|
The tetralogy of Fallot (post-Blalock Taussig shunt)
|
1 (4.75)
|
|
The tetralogy of Fallot (post–total correction)
|
1 (4.75)
|
|
The tetralogy of Fallot (unoperated)
|
2 (9.5)
|
The median age at presentation was 78 months (range: 5–144 months) with male predominance (male–female ratio of 13:8). The average duration of symptoms before admission to the hospital was 1.25 months (range: 0.5–6 months). Fever (100%, 21/21), splenomegaly (66.66%, 14 /21 cases), and congestive heart failure (61.9%, 13/21) were the major clinical features. Three patients had joint pain as one of the presenting symptoms but none of them had rheumatic heart disease and most likely had rheumatological manifestation of IE. Four children had neurological manifestations (one hemiparesis and three seizures; [Table 2]). Twenty cases had acquired the infection from the community while one patient had developed endocarditis in the immediate postoperative period after undergoing total correction for the tetralogy of Fallot. Three patients had thigh abscess with two of them having underlying osteomyelitis.
Table 2
Selected clinical and laboratory profile in children with infective endocarditis
|
Variable
|
Number (%)
n = 21
|
|
Fever
|
21 (100)
|
|
Splenomegaly
|
14 (66.6)
|
|
Congestive heart failure
|
13 (61.9)
|
|
Embolism
|
9 (42)
|
|
Glomerulonephritis
|
5 (23.8)
|
|
Rheumatoid factor positive
|
5 (23.8)
|
|
Neurologic symptoms
|
4 (19)
|
|
Joint symptoms
|
3 (14.2)
|
|
Thigh abscess
|
3 (14.2)
|
|
Roth's spots
|
3 (14.2)
|
|
Janeway's lesions
|
2 (9.5)
|
|
Dental caries
|
2 (9.5)
|
Anemia (80%, 17/21 cases), leukocytosis (33%, 7/21), and microscopic hematuria (23.8% n = 5) were the important laboratory findings. Blood cultures were positive in nine patients (42.8%; [Table 3]).
Table 3
Positive blood culture in children with infective endocarditis
|
Microbial organism
|
Different organisms grown in blood cultures (%)
n = 10
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus
|
7 (70)
|
|
Streptococcus viridans
|
2 (20)
|
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
1 (10)
|
The most common isolate was Staphylococcus aureus with all isolates being methicillin-sensitive (MSSA). One patient grew two organisms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. aureus in separate cultures. This patient was admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU) with a short history. She presented with septic shock, skin gangrene, and vegetations on both aortic and mitral valves, and died before any surgical intervention could be done. She had a short hospital stay and grew S. aureus in one blood culture. The second blood culture grew P. aeruginosa; either organism could have been a true infection or a contaminant. All patients had received intravenous antibiotics before being admitted to our center. Only one patient fulfilled Duke's major clinical criteria for blood culture with all the four blood cultures being positive for S. aureus.
Of the 12 blood culture–negative infective endocarditis (BCNIE) patients, 2 had thigh abscess, one of them grew methicillin-resistant while the other grew methicillin-sensitive S. aureus in pus culture. One patient had positive Widal's titers but the blood culture was sterile.
Using Duke's criteria as benchmark, almost all cases qualified as definite, with only one being labeled as possible infective endocarditis. Microbiological major criteria were least commonly fulfilled at presentation ([Table 4]).
Table 4
Frequency of patients fulfilling each of Duke's modified clinical criteria
|
Criteria
|
Total (%)
|
|
Echo positive (major)
|
21 (100)
|
|
Fever(minor)
|
21 (100)
|
|
Predisposing condition (minor)
|
15 (71)
|
|
Vascular (minor)
|
12 (57)
|
|
Immunological (minor)
|
11 (52)
|
|
Blood culture (minor)
|
8 (38)
|
|
Blood culture (major)
|
1 (4.7)
|
Vegetations were seen in all patients by transthoracic echocardiography. The mitral valve was most frequently involved followed by tricuspid and aortic valves. Multiple vegetations were seen in 23.8% with most of them greater than 1 cm ([Table 5]).
Table 5
Echocardiographic features in children with infective endocarditis
|
Vegetation
|
21
|
|
Location
|
|
Isolated mitral
|
7 (33.3)
|
|
Isolated tricuspid
|
5 (23.8)
|
|
Isolated pulmonary
|
2 (9.5)
|
|
Aortic and mitral
|
2 (9.5)
|
|
Tricuspid and pulmonary
|
1 (4.7)
|
|
Isolated aortic
|
1 (4.7)
|
|
Others (Patent ductus arteriosus, Blalock Taussig shunt, ventricular septal defect prosthetic patch)
|
3 (14.28)
|
|
Size
|
|
<10 mm
|
1 (4.7)
|
|
>10 mm
|
20 (95.2)
|
|
Number
|
|
Single
|
16 (76.2)
|
|
Multiple
|
5 (23.8)
|
|
Mechanical complications
|
|
Abscess
|
1 (4.7)
|
|
Chordal rupture
|
1 (4.7)
|
Congestive heart failure and embolic features were seen in 13 (61.9%) and 9 (42%) patients, respectively.
Antibiotic protocols were as per AHA update recommendations on infective endocarditis in childhood. Three patients underwent surgery as a part of treatment: two survived and the third died in the hospital due to congestive heart failure.
Six patients (28.57%) died during the hospital stay. The causes of mortality were sepsis, congestive heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Two patients died after discharge from the hospital. One patient was with a known septic aneurysm in the pulmonary artery and had sudden death at home after remaining afebrile for 2 months. Another child with a ventricular septal defect and vegetations in tricuspid valve remained afebrile and well till 6 months of posttreatment, after which she had a bout of hemoptysis followed by death.
Discussion
In our study, the mean age of the patients was 5.8 years (range: 2.5 months–12 years) with 19% (n = 4) of the patients being younger than 2 years of age. This age group is younger compared with previous series on pediatric IE published from India. CHD (n = 13/21, 61%) was the major predisposing condition in pediatric IE in our cohort. Before the 1970s, 30 to 50% of U.S. children with IE had underlying rheumatic heart disease. In the past two decades, CHD has become the predominant underlying condition for IE in children from the developed world who are >2 years of age.[10] Adult studies from India still report rheumatic heart disease as the main predisposing condition.[16]
In our study, 28.5% (6/21) patients with IE had no preexisting structural heart disease which is significantly higher than that reported in the Western literature, wherein approximately 8 to 10% of pediatric IE develops without structural heart disease.[13] Poor socioeconomic conditions, malnutrition, poor sanitation, overcrowded living, illiteracy, lack of health care, and immunization may account for increased vulnerability to severe infections in infancy and childhood. In these patients, S. aureus was the causative organism in five out of six patients (three cases with blood culture and two with pus culture positive for S. aureus). No patient had an indwelling catheter, prematurity or chronic renal disease as a risk factor for infective endocarditis. A previous Indian study has reported that 16.6% (n = 6/37) of IE patients had structurally normal heart with S. aureus being the commonest causative organism.[5]
Notably, a prospective study has found the incidence of infective endocarditis in children with staphylococcal bacteremia to be up to 20%.[17] It appears that staphylococcal infection is itself a predisposing factor for infective endocarditis. Thus, pediatricians treating children with staphylococcal infections need to keep a high index of suspicion for infective endocarditis. Conversely one should actively look for extracardiac foci of infection, for example, pustules, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and others, in children with staphylococcal IE.
Most of our patients had BCNIE (n = 12, 57.1%). However, in the West, it usually represents 2.5 to 31% of infective endocarditis.[11] Since all the enrolled patients in our study had received antibiotics before admission, the high culture negativity was to be expected and is consistent with other publications from India.[4]
[5]
[7]
[8]
Echocardiography findings and fever were present in all of our patients. Blood culture positivity was seen in 42.8% .This is similar to previous reported pediatric studies from India. Only one patient fulfilled Duke's major microbiological criteria. The Duke criteria have been previously validated in children.[18]
[19] However, the reported sensitivity and specificity of Duke's criteria in a recent study from Cleveland clinic was only around 70%.[20] The sensitivity of Duke's clinical criteria decreased further in the presence of culture-negative endocarditis. Lamas and Eykyn have reported a sensitivity of 21% in bacterial culture-negative endocarditis.[21] Since predisposing cardiac conditions is a minor criterion for IE, the increasing occurrence of infective endocarditis in a normal heart will likely further decrease the sensitivity of Duke's criteria. Easy availability of over the counter antibiotics and high rate of prior antibiotic use (such as prevalent in our setting), inevitably leads to high rates of blood culture negativity and difficulty in fulfilling Duke's microbiological criteria. In the context of frequent prior antibiotic use and detection of vegetation on echocardiography, a case can be made for considering even a single positive blood culture (especially for S. aureus) as a major criterion. Role of other imaging like fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (FDG PET) should be evaluated in BCNIE and possibly incorporated in the modified Duke criteria. Since pediatric IE has such a low incidence, multicenter, prospective collaborative studies are required to collect data on this subject as was done in a recent publication based on adult patients with IE.[1]
Rheumatological manifestations occur in 25 to 42% of adults with infective endocarditis. This phenomenon has not been studied well in pediatric cases.[22] In our cohort, three patients had joint pain as one of the presenting symptoms of infective endocarditis; none of them had rheumatic heart disease. Fever with joint involvement should prompt early consideration of infective endocarditis as one of the differential diagnosis. Treating physicians need to be aware that rheumatological manifestations also fall within the spectrum of manifestations of IE.
Our in-hospital mortality (30%) is comparable to that reported from other studies (25% Bhat et al,[6] 43% Dhawan et al,[5] and 26% Saxena et al[8]) from India but substantially higher than that reported in the West (5% Day et al[11] and 2.8% Gupta et al,[13] both from the United States).[1]
[9]
[11] Death due to complications, like mycotic pulmonary aneurysms, in the follow-up period underscores the importance of frequent follow-up and a careful and detailed assessment on each follow-up visit.
Limitations
The major limitations of our study were the small number of patients, retrospective data analysis, and a lack of pathological confirmation of the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Collection of weight-based standardized volumes of blood could not be confirmed from the records, as this was a retrospective study. Also, the results of the study cannot be generalized as it was a single-center hospital-based study. The strength of the study was that all but one patient had definite infective endocarditis.
Conclusion
Increasingly younger children are being diagnosed with infective endocarditis in India and a significant number of them are in the setting of a structurally normal heart. There is high in-hospital mortality in these patients. S. aureus continues to be the main organism causing IE. There is of high proportion of BCNIE presumably because of prior antibiotic use. Even in blood culture–positive cases, most of the patients only fulfilled Duke's minor microbiological criteria (blood culture). As this is a rare disease, multicenter studies may be needed to study a larger number of patients. Also, Duke's microbiological criteria may need to be revisited, so as to not miss out on the diagnosis of this potentially life-threatening disease. There is a need for increased awareness of the spectrum of disease manifestations, and close postdischarge follow-up among pediatricians and pediatric cardiologists.
