Introduction
The need for colonoscopy is common among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus owing to the high prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms and increased risk of colon cancer in this population [1]. Previous studies have reported that diabetes mellitus is an independent risk factor for inadequate bowel preparation [2]
[3]
[4]. The diagnostic yield of colonoscopy depends on the quality of colonic cleansing [5]. In this respect, poor bowel preparation leads to suboptimal colonoscopy, resulting in overlooked disease and unnecessary repeat procedures.
Bowel preparation for colonoscopy requires diet modifications followed by a laxative. Dietary recommendations usually include a low-fiber diet for 1 – 4 days, followed by a clear liquid diet for 24 hours prior to the procedure. Patients with diabetes who are receiving hypoglycemic drug treatment should ensure sufficient carbohydrate intake in order to avoid hypoglycemia, and the dose of hypoglycemic drugs should be adjusted if the carbohydrate intake is reduced. However, these considerations are not taken into account in conventional bowel preparation protocols. Current clinical guidelines do not include specific recommendations for bowel preparation in patients with diabetes.
We hypothesized that a multifactorial strategy for bowel preparation in patients with diabetes, including an educational intervention with special attention to dietary recommendations and dose adjustment of blood glucose-lowering agents, could improve bowel cleansing and patient tolerability.
Patients and methods
The study protocol conformed to the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 update), was approved by the Institutional review board of the Hospital del Mar, Barcelona (4511 /I), and was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02300779).
Study design
The study was a prospective, randomized, single-blind, parallel group, controlled trial to compare the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a diabetes-specific preparation protocol with a conventional preparation for colon cleansing in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A statistician generated the allocation sequence using a computer-generated block randomization table with a 1 : 1 allocation rate. Consecutive eligible patients were contacted by telephone for informed consent and invited to participate.
A research fellow randomized consenting patients to one of two bowel preparations, according to the randomization table, and assigned the bowel preparation protocol. At the time of the appointed colonoscopy, an investigator who was blinded to the bowel preparation protocol interviewed the patients. Five experienced endoscopists (> 10 000 colonoscopies each), who were blinded to the randomization, performed the colonoscopies with the patient under conscious sedation. Prior to the study, the endoscopists underwent a calibration exercise to improve consensus in the use of the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS).
Study population
The study was conducted at the Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, between December 2014 and July 2015. Inclusion criteria were: consecutive patients with a previous diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus under treatment with blood glucose-lowering agents, aged over 18 years, with scheduled outpatient screening, surveillance or diagnostic colonoscopy. Exclusion criteria were: unwillingness to participate, inability to follow instructions, previous colon resection surgery, incomplete colonoscopies for technical reasons, active intestinal bowel disease, and hospital admission.
Interventions
Patients were randomized to receive either a conventional bowel preparation (CBP, control group) or a diabetes-specific preparation protocol (DSP, intervention group). Patients assigned to the DSP group received a face-to-face visit at the hospital from a qualified nurse, who provided patient education with written and oral information regarding the importance of adequate bowel preparation, instructions on diet, laxative intake, and adjustment of blood glucose-lowering agents (see Appendix 1). A specific dietary plan designed by an endocrinologist and a registered dietitian consisted of a 4-day menu that specified low-fiber carbohydrate intake in each meal. A liquid diet was limited to 8 hours before the procedure; therefore, patients with a colonoscopy scheduled for the afternoon were allowed to have breakfast 3 hours before laxative intake on the same day as the colonoscopy.
The CBP for colonoscopy did not include an educational intervention. Patients were given written qualitative recommendations on a low-fiber diet for 3 days, starting 4 days before the procedure, and a clear liquid diet for 24 hours prior to colonoscopy. No specific recommendations on adjustments for blood glucose-lowering agents were provided.
Both study groups received the same laxative protocol, which included 4 L of a polyethylene glycol solution (PEG) consumed as a split-dose regimen: 2 L in the evening of the preceding day and 2 L in the morning of the day of colonoscopy, starting 5 hours before the procedure.
Outcome measures
The primary outcome of the study was inadequate bowel preparation according to the BBPS. Colonoscopies with a score of less than 2 points in any segment were considered to be inadequate.
Secondary outcomes included other indicators of colonoscopy quality: cecal intubation rate, overall and right-sided adenoma detection rate (ADR), as defined by the proportion of patients with at least one adenoma overall or in the right-side colon (proximal to the splenic flexure), respectively. These rates were computed using all patients undergoing a colonoscopy. Tolerability and volume perception were measured by means of a 1 – 10 visual analog scale (VAS; 1 = excellent and 10 = unbearable). Side-effects evaluated were self-reported vomiting and bloating. Occurrence of hypoglycemic events was self-reported based on typical symptoms that resolved after the ingestion or administration of carbohydrates. Acceptability was defined as the willingness to repeat the same bowel preparation protocol in the future if needed.
Data collection
The following information was collected during a personal interview and from medical charts: age, sex, Eastern Cooperative Group (ECOG) performance status [6], Charlson Co-morbidity Index (CCI) [7], constipation, history of abdominal or pelvic surgery, previous colonoscopy, diabetes drug treatment, diabetes duration, late complications of diabetes (retinopathy, nephropathy, or neuropathy), and metabolic control measured by means of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Immediately before colonoscopy, patients completed, with the help of a research fellow, a questionnaire on tolerability, volume perception, referred side-effects, and self-reported hypoglycemic episodes.
The timing of colonoscopy and the name of the endoscopist who performed the colonoscopy were recorded for each participant.
Statistical analysis
In a comparison of two proportions, a sample size of 79 patients was calculated to detect as statistically significant a minimum difference of 15 % in the proportion of inadequate bowel preparation, from 20 % in the CBP group to 5 % in the DSP group, in a bilateral test, assuming an α risk of 5 %, statistical power of 80 %, and a maximum loss to follow-up of 5 %. The expected frequencies were obtained from the literature [2]
[4]
[8] and our own unpublished previous data.
All patients who completed the preparation and underwent colonoscopy were included in the analysis except for those excluded for technical difficulties (as specified in the exclusion criteria). The outcome was inadequate bowel preparation and the predictors were bowel preparation protocol, sex, age, ECOG performance status, CCI, constipation, pelvic or abdominal surgery, previous colonoscopy, timing of colonoscopy, insulin treatment, diabetes mellitus duration, HbA1c, and late diabetes mellitus complications.
Qualitative variables were compared between groups by Pearson’s chi-squared test. Fisher’s exact test was used when one or more cells had an expected frequency of less than five. Quantitative variables were compared using the Student’s t test for independent samples.
A multivariate logistic regression model was applied to measure the effect of the intervention on the quality of bowel preparation, adjusting for potential confounders. All variables associated with the quality of preparation in the univariate analysis (P < 0.1) were included in the regression model. Two-tailed P values of < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. A research statistician performed the analysis using IBM SPSS software version 21 (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, USA).
Results
The Consort flow diagram of patient recruitment is shown in [Fig.1]. Of the 158 randomized patients, 8 (5 %) were excluded after randomization: 5 in the CBP group (3 for nonappearance, 1 incomplete colonoscopy due to a technical difficulty caused by bowel fixation in the sigmoid colon, and 1 patient was admitted for an ischemic stroke before starting the bowel preparation protocol), and 3 in the DSP group (all for nonappearance). Finally, 74 patients in the CBP group and 76 in the DSP group were included in the outcome analysis.
Fig. 1 Consort flow diagram of recruitment for patients with diabetes. CBP, conventional bowel preparation protocol; DSP, diabetes-specific preparation protocol.
Both groups of patients were similar at entry and no differences were observed in colonoscopy indications ([Table 1]). The main diagnoses following colonoscopy were adenomas (33 %), diverticulosis (21 %), and colorectal cancer (6 %).
Table 1
Patient characteristics and indications for colonoscopy.
|
CPB
(n = 74)
|
DSP
(n = 76)
|
P
|
|
Age, mean (95 %CI), years
|
70.6 (68.3 – 72.9)
|
69.1 (67 – 71.3)
|
0.35
|
|
Male sex, n (%)
|
53 (72)
|
51 (67)
|
0.55
|
|
ECOG performance status > 1, n (%)
|
23 (31)
|
19 (25)
|
0.41
|
|
CCI > 1, n (%)
|
35 (47)
|
40 (53)
|
0.51
|
|
Constipation, n (%)
|
19 (26)
|
24 (32)
|
0.42
|
|
Pelvic/abdominal surgery, n (%)
|
24 (32)
|
19 (25)
|
0.31
|
|
Previous colonoscopy, n (%)
|
32 (43)
|
36 (47)
|
0.61
|
|
Timing of colonoscopy (afternoon), n (%)
|
59 (80)
|
54 (71)
|
0.16
|
|
Insulin therapy, n (%)
|
17 (23)
|
27 (36)
|
0.09
|
|
Duration of diabetes, mean (95 %CI)
|
10.8 (8.9 – 12.7)
|
11.9 (9.9 – 13.9)
|
0.42
|
|
Late diabetes complications, n (%)
|
30 (41)
|
34 (45)
|
0.6
|
|
HbA1c, mean (95 %CI), %
|
7.2 (6.9 – 7.5)
|
7.2 (6.9 – 7.5)
|
0.75
|
|
Indications, n (%)
|
|
|
|
|
Follow-up adenomas
|
21 (28)
|
24 (32)
|
0.67
|
|
Anemia
|
21 (28)
|
21 (28)
|
0.92
|
|
Hematochezia
|
6 (8)
|
2 (3)
|
0.14
|
|
CRC screening
|
6 (8)
|
9 (12)
|
0.45
|
|
Diarrhea
|
4 (5)
|
7 (9)
|
0.37
|
|
Constipation
|
4 (5)
|
7 (9)
|
0.37
|
CBP, conventional bowel preparation protocol; SDP, diabetes-specific preparation protocol; CI, confidence interval; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Group; CCI, Charlson Co-morbidity Index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; CRC, colorectal cancer.
In the DSP group, the mean time required for the educational intervention was 15 minutes (95 % confidence interval [CI] 13.9 – 17.8).
Primary outcome
Bowel preparation was inadequate in more patients from the CBP group than from the DSP group (20 % vs. 7 %, P = 0.014; risk ratio 3.1, 95 %CI 1.2 – 8). When the different colon segments were analyzed individually, similar differences between the study groups were obtained ([Table 2]).
Table 2
Comparison of primary and secondary outcomes between study groups.
|
CBP
(n = 74)
|
DSP
(n = 76)
|
P
|
|
Inadequate bowel preparation, n (%)
|
15 (20)
|
5 (7)
|
0.014
|
|
BBPS < 2, n (%)
|
|
|
|
|
Right colon
|
14 (19)
|
5 (7)
|
0.023
|
|
Transverse colon
|
11 (15)
|
3 (4)
|
0.022
|
|
Left colon
|
11 (15)
|
3 (4)
|
0.022
|
|
Cecal intubation rate, n (%)
|
69 (93)
|
75 (99)
|
0.11
|
|
ADR, n (%)
|
24 (32)
|
25 (33)
|
0.95
|
|
Right-sided ADR, n (%)
|
15 (20)
|
21 (28)
|
0.29
|
|
High-risk adenoma, n (%)
|
12 (16)
|
13 (17)
|
0.88
|
|
Colorectal cancer, n (%)
|
6 (8)
|
3 (4)
|
0.28
|
|
Tolerability, VAS, mean (95 %CI)
|
5 (4.3 – 5.7)
|
4.1 (3.3 – 4.8)
|
0.075
|
|
Excessive volume perception, VAS, mean (95 %CI)
|
5.9 (5.2 – 6.5)
|
5.4 (4.7 – 6.1)
|
0.38
|
|
Vomiting, n (%)
|
4 (5)
|
3 (4)
|
0.67
|
|
Bloating, n (%)
|
7 (9)
|
4 (5)
|
0.32
|
|
Symptomatic hypoglycemia, n (%)
|
3 (4)
|
1 (1)
|
0.3
|
|
Acceptability, n (%)
|
58 (78)
|
65 (86)
|
0.25
|
CBP, conventional bowel preparation protocol; SDP, diabetes-specific preparation protocol; BBPS, Boston Bowel Preparation Scale; ADR, adenoma detection rate; VAS, visual analog scale (1 = excellent, 10 = unbearable); CI, confidence interval.
Secondary outcomes
There were no differences in cecal intubation rate or in overall or right-sided ADR between the groups ([Table 2]). A nonsignificant trend towards better tolerability was observed in the DSP group (P = 0.075). Perception of volume, acceptability, and side-effects were similar between the study groups. Only four episodes of symptomatic hypoglycemia were reported: three in the CBP group and one in the DSP group (P = 0.3).
On univariate analyses, bowel preparation protocol, ECOG performance status, CCI, constipation, and late diabetes complications were associated with inadequate bowel preparation ([Table 3]). On multivariate analysis, independent predictors of inadequate bowel preparation in patients with diabetes were CBP group (odds ratio [OR] 3.5, 95 %CI 1.2 – 10.4) and ECOG performance status > 1 (OR 3.8, 95 %CI 1.4 – 10.2).
Table 3
Univariate analysis of variables associated with inadequate bowel preparation in patients with diabetes mellitus.
|
Adequate
|
Inadequate
|
P
|
|
n (%)
|
20 (13)
|
130 (87)
|
|
|
Bowel preparation, n (%)
|
|
|
0.014
|
|
CBP
|
59 (80)
|
15 (20)
|
|
|
DSP
|
71 (93)
|
5 (7)
|
|
|
Sex, n (%)
|
|
|
0.95
|
|
Male
|
90 (87)
|
14 (13)
|
|
|
Female
|
40 (87)
|
6 (13)
|
|
|
Age, mean (95 %CI), years
|
69.3 (67.5 – 71.0)
|
72.5 (68.6 – 76.3)
|
0.17
|
|
ECOG performance status, n (%)
|
|
|
0.004
|
|
0 – 1
|
99 (92)
|
9 (8)
|
|
|
> 1
|
31 (74)
|
11 (26)
|
|
|
CCI, n (%)
|
|
|
0.016
|
|
0 – 1
|
70 (93)
|
5 (7 %)
|
|
|
> 1
|
60 (80)
|
15 (20)
|
|
|
Constipation, n (%)
|
|
|
0.03
|
|
No
|
93 (90)
|
10 (10)
|
|
|
Yes
|
33 (77)
|
10 (23)
|
|
|
Pelvic/abdominal surgery, n (%)
|
|
|
0.34
|
|
No
|
89 (85)
|
16 (15)
|
|
|
Yes
|
39 (91)
|
4 (9)
|
|
|
Previous colonoscopy, n (%)
|
|
|
0.97
|
|
No
|
71 (87)
|
11 (13)
|
|
|
Yes
|
59 (87)
|
9 (13)
|
|
|
Timing of colonoscopy, n (%)
|
|
|
0.51
|
|
Morning
|
30 (83)
|
6 (17)
|
|
|
Afternoon
|
99 (88)
|
14 (12)
|
|
|
Insulin treatment, n (%)
|
|
|
0.94
|
|
No
|
92 (87)
|
14 (13)
|
|
|
Yes
|
38 (86)
|
6 (14)
|
|
|
Duration of diabetes, mean (95 %CI), years
|
11.2 (9.7 – 12.7)
|
12.8 (8.9 – 16.7)
|
0.43
|
|
HbA1c, mean (95 %CI), %
|
7.2 (6.9 – 7.4)
|
7.7 (6.8 – 8.6)
|
0.1
|
|
Late diabetes complications, n (%)
|
|
|
0.002
|
|
No
|
81 (94)
|
5 (6)
|
|
|
Yes
|
49 (77)
|
15 (23)
|
|
|
Endoscopist performing the procedure, n (%)
|
|
|
0.89
|
|
1
|
31 (89)
|
4 (11)
|
|
|
2
|
39 (89)
|
5 (11)
|
|
|
3
|
10 (83)
|
2 (17)
|
|
|
4
|
27 (82)
|
6 (18)
|
|
|
5
|
23 (89)
|
3 (12)
|
|
CBP, conventional bowel preparation protocol; SDP, diabetes-specific preparation protocol; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Group; CCI Charlson Co-morbidity Index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin.
Discussion
In this randomized clinical trial, a multifactorial strategy for bowel preparation in patients with diabetes, which combined an educational intervention on dietary advice and adjustment of blood glucose-lowering agents, reduced the rate of inadequate bowel preparation threefold, with no statistically significant differences in safety and tolerability. In this respect, we wish to emphasize that this is the most ambitious study to date describing a successful strategy for improving bowel preparation in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Previous studies have reported that patients with diabetes had poorer bowel preparation, regardless of the laxative used, with an estimated prevalence of inadequate bowel preparation of 9 % – 30 % [2]
[3]
[4]
[8]. Thus, the prevalence of inadequate colon preparation observed in the CBP group of the present study concurs with these published data. These numbers are worrying because 1 in 5 colonoscopies in patients with diabetes would require a repeat procedure, with the associated diagnostic delay, risks for the patient, and costs for institutions. Few strategies to improve colon preparation in patients with diabetes have been published. An experimental trial compared the efficacy of two different laxative regimens for colon preparation in patients with diabetes. Although the study showed a statistically significant improvement (from 54 % good colon preparation in the standard group to 70 % in the intervention group), the rate of inadequate bowel preparations in both groups was still high [9]. In another study in patients with diabetes, which evaluated the addition of lubiprostone to a single 4-L PEG dose, an improvement from 24 % good or excellent bowel preparation to 47 % was observed (P = 0.14), although it was statistically nonsignificant owing to the small sample size [10]. In both studies, the bowel preparation was started and finished on the day before the colonoscopy and given as a single-dose; current guidelines do not support any of these recommendations [11].
Current guidelines for colonoscopy preparation do not provide specific recommendations regarding dietary advice or modification of blood glucose-lowering agents for patients with diabetes. The rationale for our proposed multifactorial strategy for bowel preparation was based on three premises: a sensible dietary plan for a patient with diabetes, adjustment of blood glucose-lowering agents to avoid hypoglycemia, and patient education to guarantee comprehension and reinforce adherence to recommendations.
Dietary recommendations for a patient with diabetes should ensure appropriate carbohydrate intake in order to avoid hypoglycemia. Therefore, our low-fiber dietary approach did not include a clear liquid diet on the day before the procedure, and patients were given strict qualitative and quantitative recommendations on carbohydrate intake.
The main concern with a 24-hour clear liquid diet in diabetes is the difficulty in ensuring appropriate carbohydrate intake and, consequently, maintaining glycemic control. Furthermore, some patients have altered gastrointestinal motility, which might contribute to delayed transit and constipation. The precise pathogenesis of these motility disturbances is unknown, although it has been suggested that they may be due to autonomic neuropathy of the gastrointestinal tract [12] or to hyperglycemia [13]. In this respect, a clear liquid diet in patients with diabetes may further impair colon peristalsis and emptying of fecal matter.
In addition, evidence of the efficacy of a clear liquid diet is limited and mostly derived from old studies of colon cleansing for radiography. Only one observational study in hospitalized patients has reported improved bowel preparation with a clear liquid diet [14]. However, a growing body of evidence has shown that a clear liquid diet is not beneficial [15]
[16]
[17]
[18]. Despite this, the latest guidelines of the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer still recommend a full liquid diet in patients at high risk of inadequate colon preparation, such as those with diabetes mellitus [11]. One of the factors that could influence the quality of colon cleansing in the present study was the duration of the liquid diet: 24 hours in the CBP group and only 8 hours in the DSP group. A previous study showed that patients who were on a clear liquid diet the day before colonoscopy had less adherence to laxative intake and worse quality of bowel cleansing [18].
To reduce the risk of hypoglycemiain in the present study, we included recommendations on dose adjustments for blood glucose-lowering agents. However, as the dietary intervention did not reduce carbohydrate intake, modifications of the diabetes therapy were restricted to the day of the procedure. Although hypoglycemic therapy adjustment is commonly recommended for other ambulatory procedures that limit dietary intake, such as ambulatory surgery [19], current clinical guidelines for colonoscopy preparation do not include specific recommendations.
Most patients refer to bowel preparation as the most difficult and unpleasant part of colonoscopy [20], and adherence to bowel preparation instructions is critical for the quality of the procedure. In this regard, previous studies revealed [21]
[22]
[23]
[24] the benefits of an educational intervention for bowel cleansing, although none of them specifically included patients at high risk for inadequate colon preparation, such as those with diabetes. Given the fact that these patients are older, with more co-morbidity and often complex drug treatments, an educational intervention would be expected to be appropriate to improve bowel cleansing. Nevertheless, no clinical trials had previously confirmed this hypothesis. In the present study, the educational intervention required a mean of 15 minutes per patient, which reflects the complexity of correctly conveying all of the information (dietary intervention, diabetes therapy adjustments, and laxative intake).
Moreover, in clinical practice it is not unusual to find that patients with diabetes have difficulty juggling the instructions for colon preparation (restricted diet, use of laxatives) with those of diabetes care; fear of hypoglycemia or acute complications of diabetes arise because no specific instructions are usually given. Therefore, we consider the educational intervention to be a vital factor contributing to patient adherence to instructions, as it reassures them on how they should adapt their diabetes treatment to the colon preparation, and offers them the opportunity to discuss their doubts and fears.
Regarding other colonoscopy quality parameters, no differences were found in cecal intubation rate or in ADR. It should be emphasized that the association between the quality of bowel preparation and ADR has not been firmly established, and the present study was not powered to detect differences in ADR. Some previous studies with very large sample sizes have evaluated the association between bowel preparation quality and ADR, with mixed results. One prospective, multicenter study showed that poorer cleansing quality resulted in lower detection of polyps of any size [5]. Another retrospective database analysis found that adequate preparation was associated with increased polyp detection rate only in small (≤ 9 mm) polyps [25]. Yet another multicenter, prospective observational study showed that bowel cleansing was not associated with higher ADR [26]. Although better-quality preparation would be expected to improve other colonoscopy quality parameters such as ADR, larger studies would be required to adequately address this issue.
There was a tendency for better tolerability in the DSP group; however, no differences were observed in vomiting or bloating between groups.
No differences were found in hypoglycemic episodes between groups. Changes in dietary patterns and the use of laxative medications before colonoscopy could increase the risk of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients taking blood glucose-lowering therapy. Nevertheless, in the present study, symptomatic hypoglycemia was a rare event in both groups. It is particularly surprising that patients following the conventional preparation, which included a clear liquid diet the day before the procedure and no recommendations on the reduction in blood glucose-lowering agents, did not experience an increased number of hypoglycemic episodes. We could speculate that patient adherence to conventional dietary and laxative recommendations was low and therefore hypoglycemia events were few; this would also explain, at least in part, why patients in the CBP group had more inadequate bowel preparations.
The only independent predictors of inadequate bowel preparation in the study were the CBP protocol and ECOG performance status > 1. ECOG performance status defines functional status and has not been previously reported to be associated with poor bowel preparation; nevertheless, the high association with inadequate bowel preparation found in the study warrants further research.
The present study clearly has strengths based on its design: it is the first randomized clinical trial evaluating the effects of a multifactorial strategy for bowel preparation in patients with diabetes who undergo colonoscopy. Furthermore, the BBPS, which was used to rate bowel cleansing, offers several advantages compared with other scales [27]. However, the present study was not without limitations. The multifactorial strategy used does not allow us to determine which of the three components of the intervention, or the combination of all of three, resulted in the improvement in bowel preparation. The single-center study design could potentially limit the external validity of the findings. Questionnaires on tolerance were administered immediately before colonoscopy; patient anxiety, fear of the colonoscopy itself, and expectations of the findings could have impaired their ability to focus on the questionnaire, and therefore may have biased the results.
We conclude that a multifactorial strategy for bowel preparation in patients with diabetes undergoing colonoscopy, including explanations and instructions from a qualified nurse, showed a threefold reduction in the rate of inadequately prepared bowels, with no differences in safety or tolerability.
Appendix 1 Bowel preparation protocols
Appendix 1 Bowel preparation protocols
Diabetes-specific preparation protocol (intervention group)
|
Dietary recommendations
|
|
The following menu based on a low-fiber diet should be started 4 days before the procedure:
|
|
Breakfast
|
1 slice of white bread, refined cereals (30 g), 4 soda crackers or 1 slice of white toast
Turkey breast, ham or cream cheese
1 glass of milk or 2 low-fat yogurts
|
|
Snack
|
1 glass of milk or 2 low-fat yogurts
|
|
Lunch
|
White rice (80 g), plain white pasta (100 g), or boiled potatoes (100 g)
Lean meat, poultry, white fish or eggs
1 low-fat yogurt
|
|
Snack
|
1 slice of white bread or 4 soda crackers
Turkey breast, ham or cream cheese
|
|
Dinner
|
White rice (80 g), plain white pasta (100 g) or baked potato without skin (100 g)
Lean meat, poultry, white fish or eggs
1 low-fat yogurt
|
|
NB: In order to avoid hypoglycemia, foods marked in bold should not be missed
|
|
Drug dose adjustments of blood glucose-lowering agents
|
|
The following adjustments should be made on the day of the procedure:
|
|
If you use insulin or sulphonilureas (glibenclamide, gliclazide, glimepiride): only 50 % of the usual daily dose should be administered. For those using night-time basal insulin, the reduction in dose should be made the night before the procedure
|
|
If you use metformin, pioglitazone or gliptines (sitagliptin, vildagliptin, linagliptin, saxagliptin): no changes in dose are required
|
Conventional bowel preparation protocol (control group)
|
Start a low-fiber diet 4 days before the procedure, choosing any of the following:
|
|
Soups, refined cereals (e. g. rice)
Eggs, meat, and fish
Baked or boiled potatoes, milk, white bread
Canned fruits, soft desserts (e. g. ice cream, custard)
|
|
Any type of raw vegetables or fruits should be avoided
|
|
The day before the procedure, only liquids are allowed (broths, jelly, strained juices, tea or coffee with sugar)
|
